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Introduction to Neuroscience > Neurotransmitters & Receptors > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters & Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps of the NT release?

A
  1. Arrival of AP & terminal depolarization
  2. Opening of voltage-gated Ca channels
  3. Ca2+ enter synaptic terminal
  4. Docking & fusion of vesicles to presynaptic membrane
  5. Exocytosis: NT release into synaptic gap
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2
Q

What are the ways to stop the action of a NT?

A

Reuptake, Degradation, Diffusion

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3
Q

What is the criteria to be a NT?

A
  1. Found in presynaptic terminal
  2. Enzymes for synthesis
  3. Release upon stimulation of the presynaptic neuron
  4. Acts on a postsynaptic receptor and produces a biological effect
  5. Can be inactivated
  6. Predictable pharmacological action
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4
Q

What are the major classes of NT?

A

Amino acids, amines, peptides, retrograde messengers

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5
Q

What are the excitatory amino acids?

A

Glutamate and aspartate

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6
Q

What does VGlut do?

A

Packages glutamate into vesicles

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7
Q

What are the inhibitory amino acids?

A

GABA & Glycine

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8
Q

What are the enzymes needed for GABA?

A

GAD transforms glutamate into GABA; VGAT fills vesicles

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9
Q

What are the properties of glycine?

A

converted from serine; responsible for IPSPs in spinal cord; VIAAT

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10
Q

What are the types of amines?

A

Acetylcholine, catecholamine, indoleamine

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11
Q

What are the catecholamine NT?

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

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12
Q

What does dopamine do? What is it made from?

A

Movement, learning, attention, emotion; Tyrosine –> DOPA –> Dopamine

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13
Q

What is the Idoleamine NT?

A

Serotonin

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14
Q

What does serotonin do?

A

Regulates mood, emotional behavior, sleep and arousal; Target system of hallucinogenic & antidepressant drugs

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15
Q

What is Purine (ATP)?

A

Often packaged in synaptic vesicles with other NT an co-released during neurotransmission

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16
Q

What are peptides?

A

Short chains of amino acids; synthesized in cell bodies, packaged in the Golgi, and transported to synaptic terminal via microtubles

17
Q

What are types of Retrograde messengers?

A

Endocannabinoids and soluable gases

18
Q

What is the role of endocannabinoids?

A

Widespread inhibitory function in CNS

19
Q

What is Dale’s principle?

A

The hypothesis that neuron releases the same NT at all its synapses

20
Q

What are the categories of NT receptors?

A

Ionotropic & Metabotrophic

21
Q

What are the properties of Ionotrophic receptors (transmitter-gated ion channels)?

A
  • fast synaptic transmission
  • sensitive detectors of chemicals
  • directly regulate flow of ionic currents
  • selective
22
Q

What are the steps of G protein-coupled receptors?

A
  1. Binding of the NT to the receptor protein
  2. Activation of G-proteins
  3. Exchange of GDP to GTP
  4. Activation of affecter systems
23
Q

What is the difference between ionotrophic and metabotrophic receptors? How many transmembrane domains does each have?

A

Metabotrophic are much slower, last for longer, and are extensively amplified.
Metabotrophic= 7 transmembrane
Ionotrophic = 4 transmembrane

24
Q

What are heteroreceptors?

A

Respond to NT other than the ones contained in its synaptic vesicle

25
Q

What are autoreceptors?

A

Respond to NT that are released from its own synaptic vesicle

26
Q

What are the essential components of signaling systems?

A
  1. A molecular signal
  2. A receptor molecule
  3. A target effector molecule (response)
27
Q

What are the types of Molecular signals?

A

Cell impermeant; cell permeant; cell-associated

28
Q

What are cell-impermeant molecules?

A

Includes NT (do not readily cross membranes)

29
Q

What are cell-permeant molecules?

A

Includes steroid-based molecules, thyroid hormone and retinoids

30
Q

What are cell-associated molecules?

A

Cell membrane potentials to cell membrane receptor interactions of closely apposed cells

31
Q

What is exogenous?

A

Produced outside of the body

32
Q

What is an endogenous?

A

Produced within the body

33
Q

What is the cyclic nucleotide stimulatory pathway? What is an example of a NT?

A

I go to AC for Crap & Poker”; NT binds to receptor which changes the GPCR and GDP is exchanged to GTP. The Gs Alpha subunit stimulates adenyl cyclase. With the addition of ATP, cAMP releases PKA.; EX: norepinephrine

34
Q

What is the cyclic nucleotide inhibatory pathway? What is an example of a NT?

A

G4; NT binds to receptor and changes the GPCR. GDP is exchanged forGTP. Alpha subunit Gi stimulates guanyly cyclase. With the addition of ATP, cGMP stimulates PKG.; EX: Dopamine

35
Q

What is the lipid cascade pathway? What is an example of a NT?

A

G-CPID; NT binds to receptor and changes the GPCR. GDP is exchanged for GTP and the Alpha subunit Gq stimulates Phospholipase C. With PIP2, IP3 and DAG are formed. IP3 releases Ca2+, calmodlin, and camK2. DAG stimulates PKC; EX: Glutamate

Introduction to Neuroscience (12 decks)

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