CHAPTER 11 : CORE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Question 1

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 1

Compounds only containing hydrogen and carbon molecules.

Question 2

What is a saturated and an unsaturated carbon?

Answer 2

Saturated carbons have single bonds between carbon molecules whereas unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double bonds between carbons.

Question 3

What is a homologous series?

Answer 3

A homologous series are a family of chemicals with similar chemical properties with the same functional group whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH2 - group.

Question 4

What’s the difference between alkanes and alkenes?

Answer 4

Alkenes have a double bond.

Question 5

What is an organic molecule?

Answer 5

A complex molecule made up of carbon atoms bonded with other elements.

Question 6

What is a functional group?

Answer 6

A group of atoms that characterise the chemical properties of a molecule.

Question 7

What are examples of functional groups?

Answer 7

Hydroxyl groups (-OH)
Carboxylic acid groups (-COOH)
Carbon-carbon double bond (C=C)

Question 8

What is an alkyl group?

Answer 8

A saturated hydrocarbon chain attached to a molecule.

Question 9

What is a straight chain?

Answer 9

A continuous chain or carbon atoms joined together with no branches.

Question 10

What is a branched chain?

Answer 10

The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms which has at least one shorter carbon chain branching off from a carbon atom in the main chain.

Question 11

What is an alkyl group and how is it formed?

Answer 11

A group formula Cn H2n+1. They are formed when you remove one hydrogen atom from the alkane chain.

Question 12

What is an aromatic?

Answer 12

A compound containing at least one benzene ring.

Question 13

What is an aliphatic?

Answer 13

A hydrocarbon joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings. (any non-aromatic compound)

Question 14

What is a benzene ring?

Answer 14

A cyclic hydrocarbon containing six carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Question 15

What are the steps to identifying organic compounds?

Answer 15

1) Count the amount of carbons in the longest chain to find if its prop, hept, hex etc
2) Identify where the methyl groups are
3) Add the position of the methyl groups depending on their position
4) If it’s an alkene, write the position of the double bond within the hydrocarbon name eg but-1-ene

Question 16

What is the general formula of a homologous series?

Answer 16

CH2n+2

Question 17

What are structural isomers?

Answer 17

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.

Question 18

What is a haloalkane?

Answer 18

Where one or more of the hydrogen atoms is in an alkane has been replaced by a halogen atom.

Question 19

What type of molecules are haloalkanes?.

Answer 19

Polar molecules.

Question 20

What are polar bonds?

Answer 20

All polar bonds are polar covalent bonds and they have a permanent dipole having positive and negative partial charges on the bonded atoms.

Question 21

What has a positive and what has a negative charge haloalkanes and why?

Answer 21

Halogens are more elctronegative than carbon so the carbon so the carbon atoms carry a partial positive charge and the halogen atoms carry a partial negative charge.

Question 22

What are species?

Answer 22

A chemical substance

Question 23

What are nucleophiles?

Answer 23

Species that can donate a lone pair because it is attracted to positive things.

Question 24

What is a lone pair?

Answer 24

A pair of valence (outermost) electrons that are not shared with another atom.

Question 25

What are nucleophiles attracted to in haloalkanes?

Answer 25

Carbon that has a partial positive charge.

Question 26

What is nucleophillic substitution?

Answer 26

When a nucleophile replaces a halogen in a haloalkane.

Question 27

What are common nucleophiles?

Answer 27

OH-, H20, NH3