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Biology > Animal Transport: Module 3: Exchange and Transport > Flashcards

Animal Transport: Module 3: Exchange and Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Which blood vessel takes doexygenated blood to the heart?

A

The Vena Cava

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2
Q

Which blood vessel takes oxygenated blood away from the heart?

A

The Aorta

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3
Q

Which Blood vessel takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

The Pulmonary artery

(leaves from RV)

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4
Q

Which blood vessel brings oxygenated blood back to the left atrium?

A

The pulmonary vein

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5
Q

Where is the Tricuspid valve found?

A

Between the right ventricle and atrium. prevents backflow

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6
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve found?

A

between the left atrium and ventricle. prevents backflow

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7
Q

Where are the semi-lunar valves found?

A

In the Aorta and in the Pulmonary artery

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8
Q

Process of Ventricular Systole

A

1)Atria Relax, Ventricles Contract, decreasing volume and increasing pressure
2)Pressure becomes higher in ventricles than atria
3)Forces AV valves shut

1) pressure in ventricles is also higher than in Aorta and pulmonary artery
2)Forces open SL valves, blood forced out into these arteries

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9
Q

Process of Atrial and Ventricular Diastole

A

1)Ventricles and Atria relax
2)The higher pressure in Aorta and pulmonary artery closes SL valves
3)Blood starts to return to heart
4)Atria fill again due to higher pressure in vena cava and pulmonary vein
5)Increases pressure of Atria
6)Ventricles relax so pressure drops below atria pressure
7)AV valves open
8)Blood flows passively into ventricles from atria

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10
Q

Atrial Systole and Ventricular Diastole

A

1)Ventricles relax and Atria contract
2)this decreases volume of chambers, increasing the pressure
3)Pushes blood into Ventricles through AV valves
4) slight increase in ventricular pressure and chamber volume as they receive blood

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11
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxing

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12
Q

Systole

A

Contracting

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13
Q

Counter Current System (in fish)

A

Maintaining a concentration gradient where gaseous exchange takes place

Equilibrium is never reached

Diffusion of oxygen, from water into blood is constantly taking place

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14
Q

Process of ventilation in a fish

A

1)Mouth opens, buccal cavity floor lowers
2)Volume of Buccal cavity increases, decreasing the pressure
3)Water is sucked into the cavity
4)Fish closes its mouth, the floor of buccal cavity is raised again
5)Volume inside cavity decreases, pressure increases
6)Water forced out of cavity across gill filaments
7)The increase in pressure forces the Operculum (bony flap for protection) open
8)This allows water to leave the gills

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15
Q

What Does Myogenic mean?

A

it can generate a contraction from within the muscle itself and needs no nerve impulse to cause contraction

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16
Q

What is the Role of the Sino-Atrial Node? in the control of the cardiac cycle

A

To create a wave of excitation in the wall of the left atrium. The atrial wall receives this impulse, resulting in the two atria contracting simultaneously

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17
Q

What is the Role of the band of fibres between the atria and ventricles? in the control of the cardiac cycle

A

This band of fibres does not conduct the excitation from the S.A node.
This delays ventricular systole by 0.1 second To allow the atria to finish contracting and to allow all the blood to flow down into the ventricles.

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18
Q

What is the Role of the Atrio-Ventricular node in the control of the cardiac cycle?

A

The A.V node picks up excitation from the atria and after a delay of 0.1 seconds, it passes it to the conducting tissue called the Purkyne tissue grouped together into a bundle of His.
This leads down the central septum to the apex of the heart from which it radiates upwards over the whole ventricular mass. This causes the ventricles to contract from the bottom upwards.

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19
Q

What is the S.A node

A

The Sino-Atrial node is a small patch of cells which are situated in the wall of the right Atrium, near to where the venae cavae enter

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20
Q

What is the A.V node?

A

The Atrioventricular node is a patch of conducting Fibres in the septum

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21
Q

Outline the process of Inspiration

A

1)The Diaphragm contracts and becomes flat

2)External intercostal muscles contract

3)This causes the ribs to move up and out

4)This increases the volume of the Thorax

5)This decreases pressure to below atmospheric pressure

6)Air is sucked into lungs

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22
Q

Outline the process of Expiration

A

1)External Intercostal muscles relax
2)Diaphragm relaxes and goes back to original dome shape
3)causes ribs to move down and in
4)Decreases volume of thorax
5)Increases pressure above atmospheric pressure
6)Air is forced out of lungs

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23
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air moved in and out of the lungs with each breath when you are at rest

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24
Q

What is Vital capacity?

A

The largest amount of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs

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25
Q

Role of goblet cells in the respiratory system

A

Secrete mucus. Mucus traps microorganisms and dust to stop them getting into the lungs

26
Q

Role of Cilia in the respiratory system

A

Hair-like structures lining the airways. Beat mucus moving it up towards the throat. It is then swallowed

27
Q

Elastic fibres in the respiratory system

A

-Helps process of breathing out
-Breathe in -> elastic fibres stretched out -> Fibres recoil to push air out

28
Q

Smooth Muscle in the respiratory system

A

-Not in alveoli
-allow diameter to be controlled
-relax during exercise to increase dialect

29
Q

Cartilage in the respiratory system

A

-In the Trachea and Bronchi
-Provides support
-strong but flexible
-Stops collapsing when pressure drops (breathe in)
- C shaped rings

30
Q

How do you calculate breathing rate on a spirometer trace?

A

number of peaks/troughs per minute

(bpm)

31
Q

How do you calculate rate of oxygen uptake/ min on a spirometer trace?

A

Measure the amount the peaks have decreased in the y direction from the first peak to one on the minute mark in dm^3

32
Q

4 Adaptations of exchange surfaces

A

-Large surface area
-Good blood supply
-Steep concentration gradient
-Flat (to increase SA) and shorten diffusion pathway

33
Q

What are the role of Sphincters in the insect transport system?

A

-Can be opened and closed to minimise water loss from a spiracle

34
Q

What are the role of Chitin in the insect transport system?

A

To protect and support the tracheae from collapsing or bending

35
Q

State the path oxygen takes through an insect exchange system

A

1) Oxygen enters through the spiracles
2)then travels through Tracheae
3)Tracheae branch into Tracheoles
4)Tracheoles spread through tissues of insect, running between individual cells. this is where gaseous exchange takes place
5)Oxygen can dissolve into moisture on surface of tracheoles to aid diffusion

36
Q

Double circulatory systems

A

Blood passes through the heart twice for every complete circuit of the body

37
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Blood isn’t always enosed in vessels
Pumped straight from heart into body cavity

38
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood enclosed in vessels
No direct contact between blood and cells
Heart pumps blood under pressure
Substances enter and leave blood through diffusion

39
Q

Single circulatory system

A

-Blood passes through the heart once for every complete circuit
-blood pressure in the system drops significantly so blood returns to heart slowly (limits efficiency)

40
Q

What does increasing blood pressure do to the speed?

A

Makes blood flow quicker

41
Q

Role of Collagen in blood vessels

A

Provides structural support to maintain shape and volume of vessel

42
Q

Role of Endothelium in blood vessels

A

Inner lining of cells in vessels

43
Q

Role of Elastic fibres in blood vessels

A

Composed of elastin

Can stretch and recoil

Provided elasticity

44
Q

Role of smooth muscle in blood vessels

A

Contracts or relaxes to alter size of lumen

45
Q

What is Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure caused by water in an enclosed system

46
Q

What is Oncotic pressure

A

The tenancy of water to move into the blood by osmosis as a result of the plasma proteins

Around - 3.3kpa

47
Q

In which blood vessel is the Endothelium folded?
Why?

A

Artery

To allow artery to expand to maintain high pressure

48
Q

Outline the process of the formation of Tissue fluid

1-5

A

1)At the arteriole end of the capillaries, the hydrostatic pressure inside the capillaries is greater than the hydrostatic pressure in the tissue fluid
2)The difference in the hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of the capillaries into the spaces around the cells
3)as fluid leaves the capillaries, the concentration of the plasma proteins (oncotic pressure) increases and the water potential decreases.
4)some water re-enters the capillaries at the venule end by osmosis
5) the fluid that doesn’t go back into the capillaries drains into the lymphatic system

49
Q

What is it called when oxygen bind to and leaves haemoglobin molecules?

A

Binds= association. Aka loading

Leave= dissociation. Aka unloading

50
Q

What is PO2?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen

Kpa

51
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin

A

Large protein with quaternary structure

Made up from 4 polypeptide chains each containing a haem group

Haem group contains Iron

52
Q

What happens to haemoglobins affinity as its PO2 increases?

A

Oxygen affinity increases

53
Q

What happens to haemoglobin after the first 02 molecule binds?

A

It changed shape to fit other oxygen molecules easily

Conformational change

54
Q

Why does feotal haemoglobin need a higher affinity for oxygen?

A

A foetus gets its oxygen from its mother’s blood in the placenta.
This blood may have a low ammount of oxygen.

55
Q

in what 3 ways is co2 transported?

A

-Dissolve in plasma (more soluble than O2)

-Hydrogen carbonate ions (most common)

-Bound to haemoglobin

56
Q

How does a high pCO2 effect 02?

what effect is this?

A

The higher the PCO2 the more that 02 dissociates

The Bohr effect

57
Q

What does Carbonic acid dissociate into

A

hydrogencarbonate ions and hydrogen ions

58
Q

Outline the Process of the carriage of carbon dioxide / the Bohr effect

A

1) As CO2 leaves the tissues, most of it enters the erythrocytes
2)Here it combines with water to form Carbonic acid
3)This is catalysed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
4)CArbonic acid dissociates (SPONTANEOUSLY) to form hydrogencarbonate ions and hydrogen ions
5)The h+ ions are absorbed by haemoglobin so the pH of the red blood cell is not lowered. so we say the haemoglobin is acting as buffer
6)The H+ ions compete with oxygen for space in the haemoglobin
7)as H+ ions combine with haemoglobin the oxygen is released to the tissues for respiration
8)The hydrogencarbonate diffuse out of the red blood cells and are carried in plasma
9)This creates a positive charge inside the red blood cell
10)Therefore Chloride ions move into the cell
11) This is called chloride shift

59
Q

what provides blood to the heart

A

the coronary artery

60
Q

how does Forced expiration differ to normal expiration

A

-active
-requires energy
-internal intercostal muscles contract
-ribs pulled down hard
-abdominal muscles contract forcing diaphragm up

61
Q

Explain why curve for fetal oxyhaemoglobin is to the left of the adult oxyheameoglobin

A

1) fetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen
2)fetal hb takes up oxygen in lower partial pressures of oxygen
3)placenta has lower partial pressures of oxygen
4) at low partial pressure of oxygen/in placenta, adult (oxy)haemoglobin will dissociate

62
Q

Outline the benefits of the Bobr shift to actively respiring tissue

A

-actively respiring tissue requires MORE oxygen

-for aerobic respiration/to release more energy

3) actively respiring tissue produces MORE co2

4) haemoglobin involved in transport of CO2

5) less haemoglobin available to combine with O2

6) Bohr shift causes more oxygen go be released

Biology (45 decks)

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