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Human Biology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a pathogen?

A

A virus, bacterium or organism that can cause disease

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2
Q

What’s is the skins defence called?

A

Epithelial

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3
Q

Tell me about mast cells? (2)

A
  • Mast cells are found in tissue

- They produce histamine

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4
Q

What does histamine do and how’s it produced? (2)

A
  • cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

- produced from Mast cells

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5
Q

Tell me about phagocytes and it’s function? (3)

A
  • Type if specialised white blood cell
  • They recognise pathogens and destroy them by phagocytosis
  • phagocytosis is the engulfing of pathogens and destruction via enzymes in the lysosomes
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6
Q

What do phagocytes release and what does this do? (1)

A

-They release cytokines (attracts more phagocytes to infection sites)

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7
Q

What’s a cytokine?

A

-protein molecules which are signalling agent

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8
Q

What are all of the chemical secretions?

A

Tears, saliva, mucus and stomach acid

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9
Q

Where are lysosomes found?

A

The digestive enzymes once engulfed a pathogen

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10
Q

What’s the first, second and third line of defence?

A

I hope you got it or else your a chicken shiznitt

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11
Q

What are antigens?

A

Antigens are molecules, proteins which are on surface of cell and trigger an immune response

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12
Q

Where do lymphocytes come from?

A

Bone marrow

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13
Q

How do you get T lymphocytes?

A

They pass through the thymus gland

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14
Q

How do B-lymphocytes work?

A

They produce anti bodies which leads to the destruction of the pathogen

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15
Q

How would a T lymphocyte kill a pathogen?

A

The lymphocyte binds, recognising the receptors on the pathogens antigens and kills is via apoptosis

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16
Q

What is B lymphocytes commonly caused/ cause?

A

Allergies

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17
Q

What are anti bodies?

A

Y-shaped proteins which have specific receptors for antigens on pathogens

18
Q

How to anti bodies work?

A

Anti body receptors connect to pathogen antigens and inactivate the pathogen which is then cleared through phagocytosis

19
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

T lymphocytes respond to self antigens

20
Q

What’s an autoimmunity disease?

A

MS, type one diabetes

21
Q

What’s immunological memory?

A

When the body creates clones of phagocytes as it remember a specific antigen on a pathogen. Some B and T lymphocytes survive long term as memory cells and secondary exposure sees those lymphocytes clone themselves

22
Q

Is AIDS or HIV first?

A

HIV leads to AIDS (attacks T lymphocytes)

23
Q

What enhances vaccines?

A

Adjuvants

24
Q

What is it called when antigens on a pathogen is altered by the pathogen?

A

Antigenic variation

25
Q

What are the three main types of clinical trials?

A

Double blind, randomised and placebo controlled

26
Q

What is two example of vaccines?

A

A dead virus or a weakens virus,like penicillin is a fungus

27
Q

Why is AIDS dangerous?

A

Because they attack T lymphocytes

28
Q

When do lymphocytes become activated?

A

When they need to respond to antigens on invading pathogen

29
Q

Are lymphocytes specific to one antigen?

A

Yeah and they bind to pathogens

30
Q

Do lymphocytes bind to pathogens? (Explain)

A

Yes their specific receptors bind to specific antigen on pathogen

31
Q

Where to B lymphocytes comes from?

A

They are mature in the bone marrow

32
Q

How are lymphocytes duplicated?

A

When they bind to the antigen

33
Q

Do antibody destroy pathogens?

A

No, it binds to antigen and inactivates the pathogen. Phagocytosis destroys the pathogen

34
Q

How do you form the antibody-antigen complex?

A

Antibody joins antigens to form antibody-antigen complex which inactivates the pathogen

35
Q

What happens after T lymphocytes use apoptosis?

A

Phagocytosis destroys the pathogen/ removes the remains

36
Q

What happens if lymphocytes have antigen receptors matching self antigens?

A

They’re destroyed

37
Q

Why might someone show no systems of a virus on second exposure?

A

Because the immunological memory. B and T lymphocytes which were from first exposure stayed as memory cells and now that there is a second exposure, these B and T lymphocytes clone themselves

38
Q

What does HIV do to lymphocytes?

A

Attacks and destroys them

39
Q

Mast cells are released during inflammatory response, but what else?

A

Allergic reactions

40
Q

If a person has low white blood cells and aren’t careful, why might this be?

A

They have HIV

41
Q

What does herd immunity threshold not depend on?

A

Quarantine of non-immune individuals

42
Q

When does a placebo test with a drug, what should you be aware of?

A

Same number of affected and gender both ways

Human Biology (22 decks)

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