Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GP block (Y3) > Week 3: Dermatology > Flashcards

Week 3: Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

Taking a dermatological history

A
  • presenting complaint- nature, site and duration of problem
  • history of presenting complaint
    • Initial appearance and evolution of lesion*
    • Symptoms (particularly itch and pain)*
    • Aggravating and relieving factors
    • Previous and current treatments (effective or not)
    • Recent contact, stressful events, illness and travel
    • History of sunburn and use of tanning machines*
    • Skin type (see page 70)*
  • PMH
    • history of atopy, skin cancer, suspicious skin lesions
  • family history
    • family history of skin disease
  • social history
    • occupation
    • improvement of lesion when away from work
  • medication and allergies
    • regular
    • recent
    • over the counter
  • impact on quality of life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

examining the skin

A

There are four important principles in performing a good examination of the skin: INSPECT, DESCRIBE, PALPATE and SYSTEMATIC CHECK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

inspect

A
  • General observation
  • Site and number of lesion(s)
  • If multiple, pattern of distribution and configuration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe : lesion

A

SCAM

  • Size (the widest diameter),Shape
  • Colour
  • Associated secondary change
  • Morphology, Margin (border)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe : pigmented lesion

A

ABCD
(the presence of any of these features increase the likelihood of melanoma):

  • Asymmetry (lack of mirror image in any of the four quadrants)
  • Irregular Border
  • Two or more Colours within the lesion
  • Diameter > 6mm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

palpate

A

Surface

Consistency

Mobility

Tenderness

Temperature

examples

  • Indurated (SCC)
  • Hard (dermatofibroma)
  • Soft (skin tag)
  • Sclerotic (venous stasis ulcers)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

systematic check

A

Examine the nails, scalp, hair & mucous membranes General examination of all systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pruritus

A

itching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

lesion

A

area of altered skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

rash

A

an eruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

naevus

A

a localised malformation of tissue structure

e.g. pigmented melanocytic naevus (mole)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

comdedone

A

A plug in a sebaceous follicle containing altered sebum, bacteria and cellular debris; can present as either open (blackheads) or closed (whiteheads)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

generalised

A

all over the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

widespread

A

extensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

localised

A

restricted to one area of skin only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

flexural

A

Body folds i.e. groin, neck, behind ears, popliteal and antecubital fossa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

extensor

A

knees, elbow, shins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

pressure areas

A

Sacrum, buttocks, ankles, heels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

dermatome

A

An area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

photosensitive

A

Affects sun-exposed areas such as face, neck and back of hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

koebner

A

A linear eruption arising at site of trauma

e.g. psoriasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

discrete

A

individual lesions separated from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

confluent

A

lesions merging together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

linear

A

in a line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

targert

A

concentric rings -like a dart board

e.g. erythema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

annular

A

like a circle or ring

e.g. tinea corporis - ringworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

discoid/nummular

A

coin shaped/round lesion

e.g. discoid eczema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

erythema

A

Redness (due to inflammation and vasodilatation) which blanches on pressure
e.g. palmar erythema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

purpura

A

Meaning

Redness (due to inflammation and vasodilatation) which does not blanches on pressure
Example:

Red or purple colour (due to bleeding into the skin or mucous membrane) which does not blanch on pressure – petechiae (small pinpoint macules) and ecchymoses (larger bruise-like patches)

e.g. henoch-schonlein purpura (palpable small vessel vasculitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

hypo-pigementation

A

area of paler skin

e.g. pityriasis versicolor (superficial fungus infection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

de-pigmentation

A

white skin due to absence of melanin

e.g. vitiligo (loss of skin melanocytes)

32
Q

hyperpigmentation

A

darker skin which may be due to various causes e.g. post-inflammatory

e.g. melasma

33
Q

macule

A

A flat area of altered colour <1cm

e.g. freckle

34
Q

patch

A

Larger flat area of altered colour or texture

>1cm

35
Q

papule

A

Solid raised lesion < 0.5cm in diameter

36
Q

nodule

A

Solid raised lesion >0.5cm in diameter with a deeper component

37
Q

plaque

A

Palpable scaling raised lesion >0.5cm in diameter

e.g. psoriasis

38
Q

vesicle

A

Raised, clear fluid-filled lesion <0.5cm in diameter

39
Q

bulla

A

Raised, clear fluid-filled lesion >0.5cm in diameter

40
Q

pustule

A

Pus-containing lesion <0.5cm in diameter

41
Q

abscess

A

Localised accumulation of pus in the dermis or subcutaneous tissues

42
Q

whealTransient raised lesion due to dermal oedema

A

Transient raised lesion due to dermal oedema

43
Q

boil/furuncle

A

Staphylococcal infection around or within a hair follicle

44
Q

carbuncle

A

Staphylococcal infection of adjacent hair follicles- multiple boils/furuncles

45
Q

excoriation

A

Loss of epidermis following trauma

46
Q

lichenification

A

Well-defined roughening of skin with accentuation of skin markings

47
Q

scale

A

flakes of stratum corneum

e.g. psoriasis showing silvery scales

\

48
Q

crust

A

Rough surface consisting of dried serum, blood, bacteria and cellular debris that has exuded through an eroded epidermis (e.g. from a burst blister)

e.g. impetigo

49
Q

scar

A

New fibrous tissue which occurs post-wound healing, and may be atrophic (thinning), hypertrophic (hyperproliferation within wound boundary), or keloidal (hyperproliferation beyond wound boundary)

e.g. keloid

50
Q

ulcer

A

Loss of epidermis and dermis (heals with scarring)

51
Q

fissure

A

An epidermal crack often due to excess dryness

e.g. eczema

52
Q

striae

A

Linear areas which progress from purple to pink to white, with the histopathological appearance of a scar (associated with excessive steroid usage and glucocorticoid production, growth spurts and pregnancy)

53
Q

alopecia

A

loss of hair

e.g. alopecia areata

54
Q

hirsutism

A

Meaning

Loss of hair Example:

Androgen-dependent hair growth in a female

55
Q

hypertrichosis

A

Non-androgen dependent pattern of excessive hair growth

56
Q

clubbing

A

Loss of angle between the posterior nail fold and nail plate (associations include suppurative lung disease, cyanotic heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease and idiopathic)

57
Q

koilonychia

A

Spoon-shaped depression of the nail plate

(associations include iron-deficiency anaemia, congenital and idiopathic)

58
Q

onycholysis

A

Separation of the distal end of the nail plate from nail bed (associations include trauma, psoriasis, fungal nail infection and hyperthyroidism)

59
Q

pitting

A

Punctate depressions of the nail plate

(associations include psoriasis, eczema and alopecia areata)

60
Q

function of normal skin

A

i) Protective barrier against environmental insults
ii) Temperature regulation
iii) Sensation
iv) Vitamin D synthesis
v) Immunosurveillance
vi) Appearance/cosmesis

61
Q

structure of normal skin

A

It is composed of the epidermis and dermis overlying subcutaneous tissue. The skin appendages (structures formed by skin-derived cells) are hair, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands.

62
Q

epidermus has how many layers

A

4

/ 5

In areas of thick skin such as the sole, there is a fifth layer, stratum lucidum, beneath the stratum corneum. This consists of paler, compact keratin.

63
Q

name 4 layers of epidermis

A
64
Q

cells in the epidermis

A
65
Q

Pathology of the epidermis may involve:

A

a) changes in epidermal turnover time - e.g. psoriasis (reduced epidermal turnover time)
b) changes in the surface of the skin or loss of epidermis - e.g. scales, crusting, exudate, ulcer
c) changes in pigmentation of the skin - e.g. hypo- or hyper-pigmented skin

66
Q

dermis

A

The dermis is made up of collagen (mainly), elastin and glycosaminoglycans, which are synthesised by fibroblasts. Collectively, they provide the dermis with strength and elasticity.

The dermis also contains immune cells, nerves, skin appendages as well as lymphatic and blood vessels.

67
Q

pathology of the dermis

A

a) changes in the contour of the skin or loss of dermis e.g. formation of

papules, nodules, skin atrophy and ulcers
b) disorders of skin appendages e.g. disorders of hair, acne (disorder of

sebaceous glands)
c) changes related to lymphatic and blood vessels e.g. erythema

(vasodilatation), urticaria (increased permeability of capillaries and small venules), purpura (capillary leakage)

68
Q

types of hair

A

There are 3 main types of hair:
a) lanugo hair (fine long hair in fetus)

b) vellus hair (fine short hair on all body surfaces)
c) terminal hair (coarse long hair on the scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes andpubic areas)

69
Q

structure of hair

A

Each hair consists of modified keratin and is divided into the hair shaft (a keratinized

tube) and hair bulb (actively dividing cells, and melanocytes which give pigment to

the hair).

70
Q

hair follicles

A

Each hair follicle enters its own growth cycle. This occurs in 3 main phases:

a) anagen (long growing phase)
b) catagen (short regressing phase)
c) telogen (resting/shedding phase)

71
Q

pathology of the hair

A

a) reduced or absent melanin pigment production e.g. grey or white hair
b) changes in duration of the growth cycle e.g. hair loss (premature entry of

hair follicles into the telogen phase) c) shaft abnormalities

72
Q

nails

A

The nail is made up of a nail plate (hard keratin) which arises from the nail matrix at the posterior nail fold, and rests on the nail bed.

The nail bed contains blood capillaries which gives the pink colour of the nails.

73
Q

pathology of the nails

A

a) abnormalities of the nail matrix e.g. pits and ridges
b) abnormalities of the nail bed e.g. splinter haemorrhage
c) abnormalities of the nail plate e.g. discoloured nails, thickening of nails

74
Q

sebaceous glands

A
  • Sebaceous glands produce sebum via hair follicles (collectively called a pilosebaceous unit). They secrete sebum onto the skin surface which lubricates and waterproofs the skin.
  • Sebaceous glands are stimulated by the conversion of androgens to dihydrotestosterone and therefore become active at puberty.
  • Pathology of sebaceous glands may involve:
    a) increased sebum production and bacterial colonisation e.g. acne b) sebaceous gland hyperplasia
75
Q

sweat glands

A

Sweat glands regulate body temperature and are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system.

They are divided into two types: eccrine and apocrine sweat glands.

76
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

universally distributed

77
Q

apocrine

A

Apocrine sweat glands are found in the axillae, areolae, genitalia and anus, and

modified glands are found in the external auditory canal. They only function from

puberty onwards and action of bacteria on the sweat produces body odour.

GP block (Y3) (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions