Elizabeth Flashcards

Question

What were the advantages and disadvantages of marriage?

Answer 1

What were the advantages and disadvantages of Elizabeth not announcing a marriage? **Advantages** * Staying **single meant that Elizabeth could keep sole control of English affairs**, namely **government and religion.** Elizabeth had a **range of suitors from different countries.** * Her r**efusal to choose between them allowed her to keep her options open in** **foreign affairs**, whilst **at the same time this enabled her to play countries off against each other,** making her a strong negotiator. * She **remained the focus of all power since there was no apparent successor.** **Disadvantages** Ongoing **uncertainty over who would inherit the throne had the potential to lead to plots** and **attacks to overthrow** Elizabeth. The **Privy Councillors and MPs were frustrated because the succession wasn’t settled** and they **felt this made the country vulnerable.**

Answer 2

There were plenty of men who wanted to marry Elizabeth. The main suitors (men who wanted to marry her) were: **King Philip II of Spain.** He had **been married to Elizabeth’s half-sister, Mary,** and **proposed to Elizabeth very early in her reign. Although a union with Spain may help England against their traditional enemies in France,** Elizabeth **turned him down because he had treated Mary badly,** and **her marriage to a Catholic had proved very unpopular with her people.** **Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester** He was **Elizabeth’s close friend since childhood**, and **remained one of her favourites** throughout h**er reign, and many thought they would marry until Dudley** **married someone else**. His wife, **Amy, then died by falling down the stair**s. There were **suspicions that Dudley himself had planned this, and the SCANDAL meant that Elizabeth would never marry him.** **Francis, Duke of Alencon** He **was the brother of the French King**, who **had no children, and so was heir to the throne of France.** A **marriage could lead to influence in France**, and was **supported by William Cecil** and **some members of the Privy Council.** However, there **was also a risk. Elizabeth was 46** at **the time their marriage was discussed**: it was **unlikely she would have a child at this age, and therefore when she died,** this **marriage might mean that England could fall under the control of Catholic France.** The **St Bartholomew’s Massacre in 1572, when thousands of Protestants were murdered in France, put an end to the negotiations with France.**

Answer 3

**_A solution to the problem of the succession_** Elizabeth’s cousins, **Lady Catherine and Lady Mary Grey, were nominated as heirs to the throne by Henry VIII if his children had no children of their own**. They were Protestants, **but in fact Elizabeth’s other cousin, the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots, had a stronger claim.** When **she had a baby boy in 1566, the baby James became the obvious heir to Elizabeth.** **Though his mother was a Catholic, James was brought up as a Protestant**. He was soon to become, James VI, King of Scotland, **when his mother was forced to leave Scotland for England in 1567**. Both **James’ mother and his father were grandchildren of, Mary Tudor, the sister of Henry VIII and aunt of Elizabeth**. James’ **claim to the throne was supported by the powerful Cecil family**. Towards the end of Elizabeth’s reign**, Robert Cecil began to send secret letters to James advising him about English government**. James **would be king of both Scotland and England on Elizabeth’s deat**h which would **end a long history of tension and conflict between the two countries.**

Answer 4

**_Religion_** **Elizabeth’s father had broken with Rome to get his divorce.** After his **death, Edward continued to establish the Protestant faith.** When **Mary came to the throne she tried to undo their work and re-establish Catholicism.** Elizabeth w**as a Protestant but she was also pragmatic (practical).** She **didn’t want to make her enemies angry immediately.** In 1**558, the Elizabethan Religious Settlement allowed Catholics** to **follow their faith privately.** However the **Settlement** **re-established the** **Church of England****'s**independence**from****Rome**, with**Parliament giving Elizabeth the title****Supreme Governor of the Church of England****.** The **Act of Uniformity of 1559** outlined what form the English Church should take, **including the re-establishment of the** **Book of Common Prayer which was made law by Edward VI****.**

Answer 5

**_Ireland_** **Elizabeth considered herself to be Queen of Ireland.** Unfortunately, **many of the Irish disagreed.** A **major problem was a revolt in Ireland in 1559**. S**he spent thousands of pounds and sent many of her best soldiers to try to limit the Irish rebellion** but **nothing seemed to work long term.**

Answer 6

**_Foreign Policy_** Elizabeth had to **deal with powerful countries that wanted influence over England. France and Spain, which were both Catholic and had the support of the Pope**, saw **Protestant England as a target**. One **major area of disagreement was the Netherlands in 1567.** The **mainly Protestant population were in conflict with the Catholic Spanish** who **ruled the area. Elizabeth wanted to help the Dutch financially and did so secretly.**

Answer 7

FIPFMS **Religious Problems** from Catholics and Protestants **Foreign policy** **Ireland** **Poverty** **Female ruler** **Marriage** **succession**

Answer 8

1. **_The Northern Rebellion (_****_1569_****_)_** The **Northern Rebellion of 1569 was a serious threat to Elizabeth**. Many northern **nobles were Catholics and saw the arrival of Mary, Queen of Scots** as a **chance to restore their religion and a Catholic monarch to the throne**. Furthermore, **since inheriting the throne Elizabeth had made several moves to weaken the power of the northern nobles.** Nobles such as **Westmoreland and Northumberland deeply resented Elizabeth’s increased power** in the **north as it meant they lost influence**. Elizabeth **used the Council of the North**, controlled **by southern Protestants**, to **help govern the region**. The **Earl of Northumberland in particular had large areas of land confiscated from him**. The **nobles didn’t lay the blame solely with Elizabeth however,** believing **her councillors such as William Cecil to be at fault for these policies.** Elizabeth’s cousin, **the Duke of Norfolk, who was Lord Lieutenant of the North**, **wanted to marry Mary**. Although **Norfolk was a Protestant, he was from a Catholic family, and Elizabeth felt threatened by a marriage** between **these two powerful people, who may try to replace her.** When **Elizabeth refused to give permission for this the marriage, a group of northern lords began a rebellion.** They **took control of Durham Cathedral and celebrated an illegal Catholic mass**. They **then began to march south with around 4600 men.** Elizabeth **struggled to gather an army to resist them but eventually one of her loyal nobles, the Earl of Sussex, raised an army of around 7000 and the rebels dispersed and went home.** Whilst t**he rebellion intended to protect the independence of the northern nobles**, it had the **opposite effect**. **After the revolt, many rebels had their land confiscated. The Council of the North was further strengthened under a Puritan, Henry Hastings. Westmorland had fled abroad and Northumberland was executed along with 400 rebel troops and it led to the papal Bull so harsher treatments**

Answer 9

**_2: The Ridolfi Plot (_****_1571_****_)_** The **Duke of Norfolk spent ten months in the Tower of London** but **was eventually released and kept under house arrest,** meaning that **he was forced to stay inside his home at all times.** He **quickly became involved in another plot**, this **time led by an Italian Catholic banker named Roberto Di Ridolfi.** Ridolf**i hoped for the backing of the Pope and foreign support. I**n 1570, **Pope Pius V had commanded Catholics in England not to obey Elizabeth**. The plan was for the **Netherlands to invade England at the same time as another northern rebellion.** Elizabeth **would be murdered and replaced by Mary, QoS, who would then marry Norfolk.** However, **Elizabeth’s network of spies discovered the plot when a bag of gold coins with some coded letters in it was discovered on its way north.** The **code was cracked when the cipher** (secret instructions) **was discovered under a doormat** at **Norfolk’s house.** Norfolk **confessed to his involvement and was executed on 2 June 1572.**

Answer 10

• Mary’s cousin the **French Duke of Guise would invade and overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with Mary** • **Philip** II **of Spain would provide the finances & the Pope supported the plot** The Plot **was named after the person** **delivering the messages between Mary and Duke of Guise**. His **name was Francis Throckmorton** Elizabeth’s **Secretary of State and Spymaster Sir Francis Walsingham** **discovered** the **Plot and Throckmorton was arrested and executed** **Consequences:** * **Bond of Association was established- anybody associated with an assassination plot against E would not be allowed to benefit from the Queen’s death** * **It was clear that Mary Queen of Scots, the Pope and King Philip II of Spain were a continual threat to Elizabeth.** * **A list of Catholic sympathisers was found at Throckmorton’s house helping Elizabeth to believe there was a big Catholic threat in England** * **Life got tougher for Catholics. Elizabeth passed a law punishing people to death for hiding Catholic priests**

Answer 11

This plot was the same at the Throckmorton one * **Again the Pope and King Phillip II of Spain supported the plot** * **Anthony Babington was this time the man delivering the messages** between **Mary and the French Duke of Guise** * **Elizabeth’s Spymaster discovered the plot and Babington** was **executed** **Consequences:** * *•** Elizabeth finally decided to put Mary on trial. **She was found guilty and executed on the 8th February 1587** * *• The relationship with Spain had completely broken down (England was also helping Dutch rebels fight against the Spanish at this time too).** * *• Elizabeth was now determined to crush Catholicism in England**

Answer 12

Elizabeth was a Protestant and was deeply religious**. Nevertheless, she was eager to leave the extreme religious policies of her siblings in the past.** She **did not want to provoke rebellion amongst her Catholic subjects**. Instead **she looked for a practical compromise and in 1559 passed two laws which came to be known as her ‘religious settlement’** **_The Act of Supremacy_** Under this act Elizabeth came to be **known as the ‘Supreme Governor’ instead of superem head of the Church of England. This pleased Catholics, because they believed the Pope was the only head of the church.** She **still maintained control of the Church and the title of “governor**” was **seen as a move to appease those who believed a woman** **could not lead the church.** All members of the clergy (churchmen) **had to swear an oath of loyalty to Elizabeth.** The Act of Supremacy **also stated that the Church would keeps its hierarchy of bishops and archbishops**. This was **again a concession to Catholics**, as **Protestant churches across Europe had dropped this episcopal (bishops!) hierarchy.** **_The Act of Uniformity_** This **act made moderate changes to the English Church.** Elizabeth **hoped to give Catholics enough concessions** **to keep the majority of the country satisfied.** * **Going to church was compulsory and you were fined for not attending**. * **Churches were allowed to keep some decorations and priests** could **wear colourful robes, in the Catholic style.** * Priests **were allowed to marry and services were held in English.** * A n**ew Book of Common Prayer was introduced and all churches had to have an English copy of the Bible**. * The **wording of Communion service was kept deliberately vague so people could interpret as they wished.**

Answer 13

Many **Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth’s Settlement.** They had **enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth’s sister,** and they **were now being asked to change or deny their beliefs**. Many **couldn’t make this compromise and left to live in exile abroad**. Others **grudgingly accepted the new regime.** To **strengthen her position, Elizabeth passed laws to minimise the Catholic threat:**

Answer 14

In 1570, **Pope Pius IV excommunicated Elizabeth from the Catholic Church.** While this **was not significant for Elizabeth’s own religious beliefs, it had a considerable effect on English Catholics.** The **excommunication encouraged Catholics to overthrow Elizabet**h and **meant they no longer had to obey her.** Consequences: The **Northern rebellion and the excommunication** helped **shape Elizabeth’s new attitude and policy towards potential traitors.** As a result **there was less leniency** **shown to those who did not attend church.** The **government dropped its tolerant approach** with the **Treason Act in 1571**. **Those who claimed Elizabeth wasn’t the legitimate ruler could now face the Death penalty**

Answer 15

Whilst Elizabeth and **Mary, Queen of Scots were related**, Mary’s arrival in England in **1568 spelled nothing but trouble for Elizabeth**. **Mary represented a threat with a legitimate claim to the English throne and thus someone Catholics would rally around.** Mar**y became Queen in Scotland in 1542 when just six days old**. Her **mother ruled on her behalf whilst she was raised in France.** In 1558, **she married the heir to French throne, but he died two years later, causing Mary to return to Scotland.** Mary **would marry twice more before 1568 with scandal surrounding the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley**. Many believed **Mary and her third husband, the Earl of Bothwell had plotted to kill Darnley**. This **last marriage was incredibly unpopular with Scottish nobles who forced Mary to abdicate**. In 1568, having briefly resisted abdication, Mary **fled to England.** Elizabeth, **fearing the threat to her throne, had Mary imprisoned**. Although Elizabeth’s cousin, **Mary remained under house arrest in the North of England, then the Midlands, for 19 years.** **_Mary’s claim to the English throne_** Mary was **related to the Tudors through her grandmother, Margaret Tudor,** Henry VIII’s sister. Her **strong claim to the English throne was supported by Catholics, who believed Elizabeth to be an illegitimate queen.** Furthermore, **Mary wished to be heir to Elizabeth’s throne**.

Answer 16

Although **Mary may have hoped for Elizabeth’s help in restoring her to the Scottish throne**, Elizabeth **refused**. The last **thing she needed was the fear of an invasion from the North** from a **woman with a claim to the English throne.** Whilst **Mary was imprisoned, Elizabeth set up an inquiry into the murder of Mary’s second husband, Lord Darnley**. The inquiry **created difficulties for Elizabeth**. A **not-guilty verdict would force Elizabeth to release Mary who could in turn overthrow her**. However, Elizabeth **did not agree that the Scottish nobles had the right to overthrow Mary** and **a guilty verdict would have lent them support**. Ultimately, **the inquiry reached no verdict allowing Elizabeth to keep Mary in captivity**

Answer 17

**_The role of missionaries and the Jesuits_** ## Footnote Beginning in 1574, **English Catholic priests were trained in Missionary colleges across Europe.** These **priests would secretly return to England, ministering to English Catholics.** Whereas **Elizabeth had previously tolerated how her countrymen worshiped in private, the arrival of missionary priests changed thing**s. Elizabeth **had previously hoped Catholicism would fade away as Protestantism became more established.** However, t**hese priests represented a major obstacle to this. Moreover, missionary priests supported the Catholic plots to assassinate Elizabeth.** The i**ncreased threat of Catholics in England and Europe worried Elizabeth’s** government. In **1572, thousands of Protestants were murdered on the streets of Paris in the St Bartholomew's Massacre.** Furthermore, the **Dutch Protestant leader William the Silent was assassinated in 1584.** The **combination of these events and the arrival of missionary priests increased fears of a Catholic attack in England.** From the 1580s, a new threat grew, as **Jesuit priests** were **sent to England from Europe.** In **1580, two Jesuit missionaries Edward Campion and Robert Parsons entered the country**. They **had a rigorous training** in Europe, an**d Their aim was to gain influence** over **rich English families**, in order to t**urn them against the Anglican Church and the Queen.** These **Jesuits were ruthlessly pursued by Francis Walsingham and his spies.** They travelled in disguise and were h**idden in “priest holes” in the houses of the Catholic gentry to escape arrest.** **Campion was executed for treason in 1581**, **emphasizing the government’s changed attitude to Catholics.**

Answer 18

_Catholic plots_ Between **1571 and 1585** there were **numerous plots to assassinate Elizabeth,** replacing her **with Mary Queen of Scots** (see picture). These plots differed to the **Northern rebellion as they often involved Catholic conspirators from Europe.** Similar to the **missionary issue, English Catholics were now being aided by foreign agents.** Whilst the **plots were unsuccessful, discovered by the network of spies, they were a serious threat to Elizabeth**. Phillip II’s involvement in particular signaled a potential Spanish invasion. **The plots included the Ridofli Plot of 1571. T**his was **led by an Italian banker called Ridolfi.** This led to **repression (harsh treatment) of Catholics in England. In 1581 the recusancy fines were raised from one shilling to £20.** * **Anti-Catholic laws in 1585** **ensured Mary Queen of Scots could not become Queen** * **After Elizabeth’s death and gave missionary priests were 40 days to leave** the country. * **The anti-Catholic legislation of the 1580s led to the execution of over 120 Catholics.** * Further **repression was used in the 1590s with large gatherings of Catholics made illegal in 1593.** * 1593 - Catholics **were not allowed to travel more than 5 miles from their homes.**

Answer 19

**The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots** A **major reason for the failure of Catholic plots was the sophisticated spy network that Francis Walsingham had established throughout England.** This ensured schemes **such as the Babington Plot were never carried out.** However, t**he evidence his spies collected in 1586 lead to Mary Queen of Scots’ trial and execution.** **Elizabeth reluctantly agreed to put her on trial at Fotheringay Castle.** **William Cecil and the Privy Council had repeatedly try to persuade Elizabeth to have Mary execute**d. Elizabeth **did not want to do this** – **not only because Mary was her cousin. She was afraid of commitment regicide** (killing of a monarch) – this was **for moral and religious reasons as well as the fear of consequences from Catholics** at home and abroad. Whilst M**ary was sentenced to death in October, Elizabeth put off signing the death warrant for months.** Elizabeth finally gave way and Mary was executed on 8^th February 1587.

Answer 20

Elizabeth’s religious settlement faced pressure from both sides of Christianity. **The Puritans were a group of radical Protestants who wanted to purify the English church**. Unlike the Catholics, **there were many prominent Puritans in positions of power** and **those who had Elizabeth’s ear.** Therefore t**hey represented a unique threat to Elizabeth’s religious settlement.** Some of **Elizabeth's most trusted** Privy Councillors and Members of Parliament, notably **Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester and Sir Francis Walsingham, were Puritans** and **tried to pressure her into taking harsher steps against Catholics.** Where Elizabeth saw **her Religious settlement of 1559 as the final say**; **Puritans viewed it as merely the first step in purifying the church.** It was because of their **desire for further demands that** **Elizabeth saw them as a serious threat.** **Puritans believed:** * **Fiercely anti-Catholic, they wished to remove traces of Catholicism from the English churc**h. * Puritans **encouraged the education of ordinary people so they could read and understand the bible** for themselves. * They **were very strict in following all of God’s commandments.** * Some **Puritans were more radical. They disliked the Church hierarchy of bishops, archbishop**s etc. This threatened **Elizabeth as the Supreme leader of the Church who sat near the top of the hierarchy**. They **believed that preaching was very important.** They **believed all priests should be well educated and preach the word of God.**

Answer 21

**_Prophesying Puritans_** ## Footnote In 1570, **Thomas Cartwright delivered a series of lectures at Cambridg**e, calling for the **abolition of bishops and failing to mention that Elizabeth was “Supreme Governor” of the Church**. This caused **alarm to Elizabeth, as did the Puritan prophesyings**. Concerned **with the lack of educated priests, the Puritans introduced the ‘prophesyings’** – a **form of training to teach priests how to preach**. Elizabeth f**eared this this would encourage more opposition** and in **1576 ordered the Archbishop of Canterbury, Edmund Grindal to put a stop to them.** Grindal, a moderate Puritan **refused and was put under house arrest.** This is **significant as it shows the prominent positions Puritans** **occupied in Elizabethan society.** It also shows **Elizabeth’s determination to maintain her ‘middle way’ of religious policy.**

Answer 22

Due to **their standing in society many Puritans went about reforming the church in a fairly harmless way.** They **raised their points in** [**Parliament**](https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zgw3wxs/revision/4#glossary-z74vkqt)**, but did not on the whole get involved in plots to overthrow Elizabeth or destabilise** the country and were therefore **seen as less of a threat than the Catholics.** Nevertheless**, Elizabeth still saw them as a threat. She tried to silence them as in the flow chart.**

Answer 23

* **Getting Mary out of the country** - sending **Mary back to Scotland or France could backfire, allowing her to gather more support to challenge Elizabeth.** * **Keeping Mary imprisoned** – this would **reduce the risk of Mary gathering more support back in Scotland or France** and **allow Elizabeth to keep tight contro**l. But **unlawfully imprisoning Mary could provoke international outcry and attacks anyway.** * **Executing Mary** – whilst this would **remove the figurehead for** **Catholic** challengers, **it could also provoke international attacks and set a precedent for killing a queen**. In the **short term Elizabeth decided to keep Mary as a closely guarded royal ‘guest’, moving her from castle to castle so she would not be the focus of plots.**

Answer 24

Consequences of Mary’s death As it **turned out the consequences were not as serious as Elizabeth had feared**: * **France** – fearing the might of Spain, **they wanted to maintain their alliance with England.** * **Spain** - were **already at war with England due to the action** of the '**Sea Dogs**' and **events in the Netherlands**. * **Scotland** - **King James VI** was on the **throne of Scotland, he was Elizabeth’s heir** and so he took no action. * **English Catholics** - remained loyal to Elizabeth.

Answer 25

FEMPRR * **French Civil war** * **Elizabeth Supporting Dutch** * **Marriage rejection** * **plots** * **Piracy** * **Religon**

Answer 26

Spain was a **Catholic country and England a Protestant country** – meaning that the two rulers had conflicting spiritual outlooks.

Answer 27

King Philip of Spain had been married to Elizabeth’s sister, Mary I. **When Mary died he offered to marry Elizabeth but she rejected him.**

Answer 28

**Elizabeth encouraged privateers such as Hawkins and Drake to trade illegally with Spanish colonies whilst raiding Spanish ships returning from the New World**. Drake's dealings **with the Spanish were not finished as in 1587 he attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz, destroying 30 ships and seizing supplies**. This supposedly **set back the invasion of the Armada by a year.** English sailors **like Hawkins and Drake attacked and stole treasure from Spanish ships in the New World**. King **Philip was furious** but **Elizabeth encouraged and rewarded adventurers.**

Answer 29

France was the **traditional enemy of both** **England and Spain, meaning that they united together against the country.** Now France **was in civil war it was preoccupied with its own issues** and **no longer posed a threat** – so **the alliance between Spain and England was not necessary anymore.**

Answer 30

There wa**s evidence of Spanish support for plots to restore Catholicism to England, particularly involving getting Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne and Elizabeth off.**

Answer 31

**_The Dutch revolt_** ## Footnote The Netherlands were ruled by Spain. Protestants in **the Netherlands began a revolt against Spanish rule in 1572.** Elizabeth **secretly supported the Dutch rebels because she knew the Dutch revolt would keep** the **Spanish too busy** to **threaten** England. **In 1585 Elizabeth signed the Treaty of Nonsuch, agreeing to send an army to help the Dutch rebels fight Spain**. This escalated the conflict as **Phillip saw Elizabeth’s actions as a declaration of war**. For the **first time English and Spanish armies were fighting each other and Philip’s building of the Armada was under way.** Why were the Netherlands so important? **The English saw the country as a vital place for trade and needed to ensure English merchants and goods had access to ports like Antwerp.** Furthermore, **if those ports fell into Spanish hands they could be used as a base from which to launch an invasion of England.**

Answer 32

* Philip was **bitterly disappointed at his humiliating defeat.** There were great **celebrations in England and the victory had enormous propaganda value for Elizabeth. 4National pride** was **boosted**. England’s **independence was safeguarded** and **Protestantism had been preserved.** * The i**mportance of the weather in the English victory was taken as a sign of God’s approval of Protestantism.** * The **defeat brought unity across religious divides in England**, as **most Catholics placed their loyalty with Elizabeth**. * The victory also **paved the way for England to establish itself** as a **major naval power**. The English had proven **their superior tactics and the importance of guns** in **sea battles which had a lasting impact on future naval tactics.** The Anglo-Spanish War **continued beyond the defeat of the Armada**; the English launched an unsuccessful counter attack in 1959 and Philip launches a further two Armadas in 1596 and 1597 but both were driven back by storms. In Spain, there was little appetite for such attempts. Moreover, **Elizabeth continued to help the Dutch rebels against Spain** and **continued to attack Spanish ports and treasure ships.** Philip **also attempted to create rebellion attempts amongst England’s Catholic**s, and **aided the Irish rebellion against Elizabeth.** This **longstanding war placed enormous strain** on **the struggling English economy , causing inflation and hardship** for the **poor**. Despite **the deaths of both Elizabeth in 1603 and Philip in 1604,** **tensions between the two countries continued**

Answer 33

FATS Cant Feed Women * *Fleet -** The spanish **had 130 ships - 64 battleships, 22 huge galleons and 45 converted merchant ships.** Whereas, England had * *200 ships - 54 strong, light and fast battleships, and 140 converted merchant ships.** **Annual Income** - Spain **had a massive £3 Million whereas England had £300k** **Tactics -** Spain **had to** **Get close so men could board and capture the enemy ships.** Whereas **England had** **Destroy enemy ships by firing cannon at them from a distance.** **Sailors and soldiers -** Spain **had 30,000 men on board the fleet and 20,000 soldiers on land.** Whereas, England **had 14,000 men on board the fleet and 20,000 soldiers on land.** **Commanders** - Spain had the **Duke of Medina Sidonia while England had Lord Howard of Effingham** – **little experience of fighting at sea, but Drake and Hawkins were both very experienced** with **Spanish ships.** **Food supplies -** **Spain had Not fresh food** – **six months’ worth of supplies** were stored on the ships. Whereas **England had, Fresh food supplied daily.** **Weapons** - Spain **had 2,000 large cannon – could fire heavy cannon balls, but only over a short distance** and **were slow to load.** Whereas, England **had 200 smaller cannon – could fire over long distance and were quick to load.**

Answer 34

* The Armada leaves Lisbon on 28 **May 1588.** I**t’s delayed by storms and repairs, and finally sets sail for England on 21 July.** * The Armada **is sighted by the English from Lizard Point in Cornwall. Warning beacons are lit along the English coastline.** * The **Armada continues through the English Channel now chased by English ships, but suffers little damage.** * The **Armada anchors near Calais where more troops are meant to join, led by the Duke of Parma**, but the **English send burning fire ships into the fleet. The Spanish ships panic and are scattered out of formation.** * The **Spanish ships are blown towards dangerous sandbanks** and the **English attack again in the Battle of Gravelines. This time they battle at close range and significant damage is inflicted to the Spanish fleet.** * The **Armada is forced north** around the **east coast of Britain and the English fleet turn back after food** and **ammunition supplies run low.** * The Armada **sets sail for home but are forced around Scotland and Ireland.** **Many ships are wrecked in storms** and **thousands of sailors drown.** * The **surviving Spanish ships arrive back in Spain,** but **almost half of their fleet is lost.**

Answer 35

**Casualties of battle** ## Footnote Both sides suffered casualties as a result of the Armada but **English losses were relatively minor compared to those of the Spanish. England lost just 100 men compared the 20,000 men and 51 ships lost by the Spanish.** However, **despite England’s victory several thousand men died from illness and disease in the weeks following the battle.**

Answer 36

LPNTSWW Loud People Named Tony Shoot Worried Women **Leaders-** The **Duke of Medina Sidonia led the Spanish fleet,** but **he was inexperienced in naval battle and so made some fatal errors in his planning and tactics.** **Planning** - The **strength of the Spanish fleet came from its crescent formation plan** – but **when the English broke this up with their fire ships, the Spanish became vulnerable and exposed to attack.** **No reinforcements -** The **Spanish plan relied on stopping to pick up the Duke of Parma’s army** to **boost their numbers**, but **the fleet was unable to anchor and so never picked them up.** **Tactics -** Spanish **tactics were to get close enough to English ships to board them, whereas the English tactic was to attack from a safe distance.** **Ships** - **Spanish ships were slower** and **less equipped** for **the bad weather than the English ships.** **Weapons -** The **English ships had cannon they could fire at a safe distance and could be reloaded quickly.** The design of the **Spanish cannon meant that they could only fire over short distances and were slow to re-load.** **Weather -** The **lack of a secure port** where the **Spanish could take shelter** meant **that the Spanish ships were buffeted by the wind.** The **thinking was that God intervened and the windy weather was a sign that God was on Elizabeth’s side.**

Answer 37

The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule Elizabeth had **two main problems concerning France:** * she **inherited a bad relationship with France from her predecessor Queen Mary I** * the **King of France was a big supporter of Mary, Queen of Scots, who Elizabeth had executed** Elizabeth inherited a bad relationship with France Francois De Valois, Duke of Alencon Elizabeth’s **predecessor, Queen Mary I, had been in an anti-French alliance with her husband, King Philip of Spain**. During Mary’s **reign she lost the strategic town of Calais, which had been ruled by England for hundreds of years**, so **this meant that France now controlled** the **entire northern coastline of France** and **left England more vulnerable to attack.** France supported Mary, Queen of Scots **Mary, Queen of Scots** had **been married to Francis II, King of France until his death in 1560** so the **French were supporters of Mary and her claim to the English throne.** One reason w**hy Elizabeth was hesitant about executing Mary was the fear of possible French retaliation**. **Elizabeth developed a good relationship** **Civil war broke out in France in 1562 between Catholics and Protestants. This war lasted until 1598.** It **was not in the interest of the French king to wage war against England** and **so the two kingdoms maintained good relations** during **this period.** The **execution of Mary in 1587 did not have a negative effect on relations between France and England.** To **advance and develop the newfound friendship between England and France, Elizabeth began negotiations to marry the French Duke of Alencon, though this came to nothing.**

Answer 38

**An English Renaissance** During Elizabeth’s I reign, **England experienced a blossoming culture – theatre, art, architecture, literature and music –** that has **been referred to as the ‘Golden Age’.** Elizabethan England was influenced by new **Renaissance ideas from Europe.** The **Queen and court set fashions** which **were then copied by others**. London’s **population grew and at the same time the gentry** became **more important.** They **had disposable income (lots to spend!) and wanted to spend in order to impress others and earn promotion in Elizabeth’s court.** This meant **that artists, builders, musicians and writers did well, as their work was in demand.** The **invention of the printing press in the fifteenth century meant that new ideas could now spread at greater speed.** As new **grammar schools and university colleges were set up, the English became better educated.** Engli**sh literature flourished through poetry and drama. New architectural styles came into fashion (as you will be studying with Hardwick Hall).** Musicians such as **Orlando Gibbons and William Byrd** **had great success**. **Nicholas Hilliard** was a **highly successful artist,** who was **famous for painting miniatures of Queen Elizabeth** It was not just the arts that flourished; **maths, science and history also became more influential. Humanist** scholars stressed the power of the mind. **The age of scientific experimentation began; William Harvey discovered that blood circulated around the body** and the **Queen’s doctor experimented with electricity.** More **rational explanations were being put forward that were previously explained through religion or ‘magic’.**

Answer 39

The Elizabethan era is associated with the wealth and luxury of the queen and her courtiers but life for ordinary people was often hard and the number of poor people increased during Elizabeth’s reign. Unlike now, there was no welfare system or support for anyone who fell on hard times. Poverty was mostly considered to be your own fault in Elizabethan times - the belief that you had a ‘divinely appointed’ position in society was reinforced every week at church and this attitude was widely held.

Answer 40

**The rise of the Gentry** **The gentry were people of high social status and wealth, who were not born into the nobility.** Noble families **had titles, such as lord or earl. The status and power of the gentry was based on their wealth.** They usually owned land. **The gentry class grew massively in Elizabeth’s reign. There were several reasons.** * The Tudors were suspicious of **the ‘old ‘nobility**. The **Tudor monarchs had deliberately** **marginalised** (demoted) **the nobles**, who **they saw as a threat.** They **had reduced their number and power by granting very few new titles** and **excluding them from government.** This **left a power vacuum which the gentry filled** and t**hey became very powerful politically.** Indeed, **many of the key councillors promoted** by Elizabeth- including **William Cecil,** **Francis Walsingham** and Christopher Hatton- **came from the** **gentry** **class**. The **gentry also dominated the House of Commons** to **air their political views**, and **they gained power locally** through **their work as Justices of the Peace.** * Furthermore, **the Dissolution of the Monasteries led to the rise of the gentry**. During the **reign of Henry VIII, the monasteries had owned about a quarter of all land in England. When they were dissolved by Elizabeth’s father** following the break with Rome, **their closure had made more land available to the gentry**. This is **because Elizabeth’s father sold off the land to the gentry as well as the nobility.** * In addition, **the rising population, rising prices and agricultural changes also led to the rise of the gentry**. **Growth in trade** and **exploration** to the Americas, **together with population growth (in 1558, the population was around 2.8 million but by 1603 it has increased to 4 million)** helped gentry families to **make their fortunes.** * *Rising food prices** due to **failed harvest** and **enclosures** (fencing off land to **increase the wool trade), allowed the gentry** to **make money.** They were **therefore able to build grand houses** and to **educate themselves.** * **The gentry’s money in turn helped to fuel the cultural achievements of Elizabeth’s reign**. The **gentry were keen to sponsor architectural, artistic, intellectual and literary endeavours, as this helped to establish their new status in society.**

Answer 41

**FASHION** The **wealth of the gentry also helped to drive the development of new clothing**. The wealthy **used their money on expensive clothes in the latest styles**. These **were often copied from Elizabeth and her court.** Then, as now, fashion was an important **status symbol**. Clothes **were considered so important in Elizabeth’s reign that some new** **Sumptuary Laws** – called the **Statutes of Apparel** – were **passed in 1574**. These laws strictly **controlled the clothes people were allowed to wear depending on their social rank.** Thereby, fashion, **reinforced the social hierarchy.**

Answer 42

**• Farthingale (petticoat with wooden hoops), under gown, dyed hair with fake hair piled on top, heavy white makeup (leadbased and highly poisonous), blackened teeth, small hat**

Answer 43

• **Hat, cloak, sword, beard, silk stockings, ruff** (collar worn around the neck)

Answer 44

**Architecture** The **building boom and development of new Renaissance ideas** in a**rchitecture led to a period known** as the **‘Great Rebuilding’**. Although **Elizabeth did not have the money to commission building projects herself**, many of **her subjects did.** Under th**e ‘Great Rebuilding’, many extravagant houses were built to reflect the wealth and stability** of the era and t**o impress.** Strong government also had an impact on design. **Homes no longer had to have defensive features such as moats or drawbridges** (think back to the design of castles). The **leading architect of the time was Robert Smythson,** who was **responsible for designing some of the most famous Elizabethan houses, such as Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire.** Buildings **varied from area to area** depending on what building materials were available. **Often, these new buildings were built from stone or brick and were designed to amaze in terms of scale** and style. **Rising food prices had led to increased profits for landowners and houses** were used as status symbols.

Answer 45

**_Elizabeth and the role of Propaganda_** **Portraits of Elizabeth were used for propaganda. They showed a young and commanding Queen.** They **were full of symbols.** For example, in the famous ‘**Rainbow Portrait’,** **painted around 1600-1602, when Elizabeth was in her sixties,** she is **painted as a young woman**. Her **dress has angel’s wings and she is holding a rainbow in her hand, symbolising her god-like status as bringer of peace.** It also depicts **eyes and ears on her dress, symbolising her ability to ‘hear and see’** **everything in her country**. A “**cult of personality” developed**, whereby **Elizabeth was almost worshipped.** Similarly, **Elizabeth used the royal progresses as a form of propaganda**, where **she and her courtiers were able to show off their splendour and importance**. The government **were also in charge of giving licences to printing presses**, so they had **control of what was published**. The **bestseller from the time** was ***Foxe’s “Book of Martyrs”***. This was **another example of propaganda**, as **it supported the idea that Elizabeth had rescued England from Catholic threats.** The book was influential in portraying Mary I as ‘Bloody Mary’. **Many of Shakespeare’s plays were also a form of propaganda, as they showed Richard III as an evil king** with a hunchback. **Richard was the king killed in 1485, at the Battle of Bosworth, by Elizabeth’s grandfather, Henry VII**. The Tudors **were keen to show that Henry was the rightful monarch** who defeated an evil king.**_Elizabeth and the role of Propaganda_**

Answer 46

There were **no permanent theatres in England at the start of Elizabeth’s reign.** Instead **actors travelled around, performing in village squares or inn courtyards,** These plays had been popular since medieval times. They **were religious stories, and were mainly designed for poor people.** All of this changed at the time of Elizabeth because **the first theatres were built. Richer people came to the theatre for the first time**. The **first theatre was built in London in 1572,** and **was called simply ‘The Theatre’.** Others f**ollowed, including ‘The Globe’ in 1599**, **where Shakespeare made his name.** They **were usually round;** **open air building with a raised stage that stretched out to the audience**. The **theatre appealed to both the rich and the poor.** Poorer audience members, **known as** **groundlings**, stood **around the stage**, while **richer people sat under cover around the theatre’s walls.** Elizabeth **enjoyed plays and often had them performed at court.** She **supported her favourite performers and even set up an acting company, The Queen’s Men. Members of the elite (**including some Privy councillors) also **supported theatre companies**. However, **Elizabeth never went to the theatre herself.** **Pastimes did depend on whether people were rich or poor**, as there were social distinctions in leisure activities. **Even at the theatre they did not mix, although they watched the same play.**

Answer 47

Many people, **both rich and poor, enjoyed the theatre.** However, **London theatres faced local opposition** from **London authorities** (justices of the peace and lords lieutenants**)** and from **Puritans**. **London Authorities** * London’s **theatres were outside of the city walls** – particularly on the **Bankside area of the Thames, which was an area well known for bear-baiting, drinking and prostitution**. * There was **concern that theatres encouraged crime and spread of plague** and that plays **took apprentices away from work**. * The **authorities wrote to the Privy council asking for closure of the theatres.** * *Puritans** * Puritans **were extreme Protestants. Puritanism was strong in London.** * They **associated theatres with paganism** (non-Christian practices/rituals). * Puritans **saw theatre going as a distraction from prayer.** * Puritans thoughy **theatres and plays encouraged sinful behaviour, particularly sex outside of marriage.**

Answer 48

Pastimes By Elizabeth’s time the **upper classes saw their culture as superior.** Huge inequalities existed within Tudor society and whilst the theatre was universally popular there were two cultures: * **Higher society** - the **invention of the printing press and spread of education meant that gentlemen were part of an elitist culture** involved in **intellectual pursuits, such as reading the classics, studying music, hunting** and **hawking**. * **Lower society** - the vast majority were **involved in popular cultural pursuits, which gave them a brief escape from their harsh living conditions. Inns and taverns** were an important **part of every social ritual.** **Drinking, gambling on bear-baiting, cockfighting, cards, dice and racing were popular.** **Tobacco smoking was new** and **expensive** bu**t it was growing in popularity by the end of Elizabeth’s reig**n. Ordinary **people also took part in wrestling, running races and football.**

Answer 49

**_Famous People in the theatre_** **William Shakespeare** (1564-1616) – was the most celebrated **playwright** of all time. **Shakespeare was the principal writer for the theatre company, the Lord Chamberlain’s Men.** He w**rote 38 plays, which can be divided into 3 categories**: histories (Julius Caesar, Henry V), tragedies (Romeo and Juliet) and comedies (A Midsummer Night’s Dream). **Many of his plays proved so popular, that they are still performed and studied to this day.** **Richard Burbage (1568-1619)** – was **one of the most famous actors of the Elizabethan period.** As a **leading member of the Lord Chamberlain’s men**, he **was the first to play many famous roles, including Hamlet and King Lear.** As well as acting, **Burbage was also a theatre owner.**

Answer 50

**The Galleries -** The **galleries had rows of wooden seats and were accessed from a back corridor and had a roof offering shelter from bad or rainy weather.** **The hut -** Used as a **covered storage space for the acting troupe.** **Stairs and access** - Usually **one main entrance, but later designs had more stairs into the galleries.** **Tiring House** - Th**e actors used this area to change their clothes(attire)** **The Pit/Yard -** The **Cheapest part of the Globe Theatre and the audience had to stand, surroundings the stage on all 3 side**s **The Heavens -** An area hidden from the audience. A selection of ropes & rigging would allow for special effects, such as flying or dramatic entries. **Lord's Rooms -** Used **by the rich members of the audience, the Upper Classes and the Nobility** **Gentlemen's Rooms -** These **seats were for rich patrons of the globe theatre** **The stage -** Where **the performance occurs.**

Answer 51

**_Religious Changes_** The **growing number of people living in poverty during Elizabethan times was a major problem.** This was **made worse by the religious changes that had occurred under Henry VIII.** The m**onasteries had fulfilled important social functions, such as providing support for the ill, poor and disabled.** When they **were dissolved between 1536 and 1541, all of this support was lost.**

Answer 52

**_Population growth led to rising prices_** During the **16^th century, England’s birth rate increased and the death rate fell.** This **led to huge population growth** – during Elizabeth’s reign, **the English population grew from just under 3 million to over 4 million.** **Food production did not keep pace with the growth in population.** As a result, f**ood prices rose and sometimes there were food shortages.** **Prices for other goods also rose much more quickly than wage**s. **Standards of living fell** for **many workers as they struggled to afford the basics to live**. Many people were forced into poverty. There was **also growing competition for land, so landowners increased rents paid by the poor.** This was known as **rack-renting.**

Answer 53

**Traditional farming methods involved many farmers renting strips of land in large open fields.** Each farmer **grew enough crops to feed themselves and their family.** This **kind of farming was very inefficient and in the 16^th century, landowners began changing their farming techniques to try and make more money from their land.** Farmers now **began to enclose** (fence off) their fields **to create a few large farms.** These **new enclosed farms required fewer labourers,** so **farmers who rented land were evicted, leaving them unemployed and homeless.** People **were forced to leave their villages in search of work in towns and cities**. The government **viewed these migrant workers as ‘vagabonds’ and feared that they would encourage riots and rebellions**. **Exporting wool to Europe was more profitable than selling grain**; so **many landowners stopped growing grain and began sheep farming**. This **fall in grain production contributed to rising food prices.**

Answer 54

**Prices for goods rose, but wages fell as there were more people** around to do the work. **Landowners also increased rents – known as rack-renting.**

Answer 55

**Woollen cloth was the England’s main export.** There was a **decline in demand and this led to unemployment.**

Answer 56

**Taxes were increased to compensate for the price of war**. **Injured soldiers could not work.** Trade **was also disrupted.**

Answer 57

The **problem of poverty reached a crisis point** towards the end of Elizabeth’s reign. In the **late 1580s and 1590s, England suffered several failed harvests**, which led to **food shortages and even higher food prices.** This **pushed even more people into extreme poverty** – in **some areas people even starved to death.**

Answer 58

Rising Population Inflation Cloth Trade Collapses Wars Bad Harvests Changes in Farming Closure of Monasteries

Answer 59

**Monarchs before Elizabeth** tried **to deal with poverty**, but **the problem got worse.** **1495: Beggars were placed in the stocks for three days,** **whipped** and **sent back to their home towns.** **1531: Beggars were publicly whipped,** those **caught a second time would have a hole burned into their ear.** A t**hird offence resulted in being hung** **What did Elizabeth do about the poor?** **For the first time, the government began to take direct responsibility for the welfare of the poor**. The **authorities were scared by the large groups of unemployed people** and **were more concerned about keeping law** and **order** **than they were about helping the poor**. **Vagrants** were **viewed as a threat to the social order** and were also **blamed for spreading the plague**. In addition, **many did not think it was the government’s job to deal with poverty**. **Some Puritan officials considered the poor to be lazy and dishonest.**

Answer 60

**Elizabethans believed the poor could be split into three categories** * **The Helpless Poor -** Those who were **unable to support themselves – including young orphans and the elderly, sick or disabled** * **The Able Bodied Poor or Deserving Poor-**People w**ho wanted to work, but were not able to find a job in their town or village** * **The Idle/Undeserving poor -Beggars**, **criminals** and **people who refused to work.** Also **migrant workers (vagabonds**) who **left their homes** and **travelled around looking for work**. They were **seen as the biggest threat.**

Answer 61

**• Even households with men spent 80% of their wages on food** 1. **Traditionally the main source of support for the poor was charity** – **rich people made donations to hospitals, monasteries and other organisations that helped the poor**. However, **during Elizabeth’s reign the problem of poverty** became **so bad that these donations** by **individuals** were **no longer enough.** 2. **People began to realise that society as a whole would have to take responsibility for helping the poor, and so the government began to take action.** However, even with all these concerns, **Elizabeth’s government introduced a series of Poor Laws** to try and **tackle the problem of poverty.**

Answer 62

**1572 Act** **In 1572 the first compulsory poor law tax** was **imposed at a local level making poverty a local responsibility.** Each **parish was responsible to provide for its own aged, sick and poor**. The JPs for **each parish (local area) was allowed to collect a tax from those who owned land.** This was called the **Poor Rate**. The **law stated that charity for the relief of the poor should be collected weekly**. The **money was used to help the 'deserving poor'** − **anyone refusing to pay was imprisoned.**

Answer 63

**1576 Act – ‘Act for setting the poor on work’** In the 1576 Act **each town was required to provide work for the unemployed.** Institutions **were set up which became known as workhouses****, supplying raw material**such**as wool for them to work on**. In this**way the poor were given practical assistance**whilst**fulfilling a useful role for the community.**

Answer 64

**_Different authorities dealt with poverty in their own way_** **_Norwich_** * **After a survey showed that 80% of the population lived in poverty in 1570**, the city authorities s**eparated the poor into the ‘idle poor’ and the ‘unfortunate poor’.** * The **‘idle poor’ were given work such as knitting or sewing. The ‘unfortunate poor’ were given food and other forms of care.** * **Rich citizens were taxed**

Answer 65

**_Ipswich_** * **Introduced a licensing system for beggars from 1569.** * **Opened a hospital specifically to help the old and the sick.** * A **youth training scheme was introduced to help children learn a trade and escape poverty**.

Answer 66

**_London_** * **Bridewell Place was used as a shelter for the homeless**. * **Bedlam Hospital was built to house the mentally il**l. * Other **hospitals were opened for the sick and orphans.** * Conditions **in these institutions were poor and could not cope** with **the growing numbers coming into the city**

Answer 67

**1597 Act** A **new position** of '**Overseer of the Poor'** was created. Their role was to:- * **calculate the amount of 'poor rate'** **required** for the **parish collect the poor rate from property owners** * **dispense money**, **clothes** or **food** * supervise **the parish poor house**.

Answer 68

**1601 Poor Law** * This created a **national system that was to be followed for the next 230 years.** It stated **that each parish should**: * l**evy (charge) a compulsory poor rate** * **provide working materials**; * **provide work or apprenticeships for children** who w**ere orphaned** * ensure **parents and children were responsible for each other**, so **poor elderly parents were expected to live with their children.** * **almshouses** were **established to look after the impotent poor** Although the **Poor Law did make a difference to some, it was not properly enforced in many areas.** Begging **seemed to decrease**, but this may have been due to the **threat of the House of Correction rather than the extra help available.** Some historians argue that the law was unsuccessful because it made each area responsible for its own paupers. Some were simply sent from one place to another without receiving any help.

Answer 69

Poverty was **mostly considered to be your own fault in Elizabethan times, but attitudes started to change towards the end of Elizabeth’s reign** and the **government decided to take action**. This **was because of**: * **fears that the ‘social order’** might be **threatened if the growing number of poor people** ganged **together and started a rebellion** * the **risk that vagabonds and beggars might turn to crime** * **fears that the poor** might **spread disease**

Answer 70

The **first 30 years of Elizabeth’s reign saw stability** and **prosperity but a rising population led to an increase in poverty and growing social problems, especially in towns**. By the e**nd of Elizabeth’s reign wide-ranging laws were passed to support the poor, which remained in place for the next 200 years**. The Poor Laws can be seen as a **major shift in English history, for the first time the government was responsible for the welfare of the weakest people in society however most of the relief still came from private individuals.**

Answer 71

The **English were slow to take an interest in exploration,** whereas **the Spanish and Portuguese were the first to explor**e the **world** and **had set up colonies in the Americas by 1558**. This **led to economic opportunities**. The **Spanish trade with its colonies was very profitable**. This **made them rich** and **gave them large empires in North, South and Central America** (called the **‘New World’)** * **Slaves** * **Colonies** * **Resources (gold, silver, tocbacco, sugar, spice)** * **New Trade routes** **Naval power:** As England is on an island, **a powerful navy would be a good defence** **Empire: Spain's wealth** from the New World meant that **Elizabeth was keen for overseas territory.** **Weakening Spain:** Spain was a threat - **Elizabeth feared they would get rid of her and replace her with a Catholic.** **Attacking Spain - and reducing its wealth** - would r**educe the threat.** **Trade: In the 1550s, the cloth trade** - England's **main trade for centuries - collapsed**. Merchants **needed new markets for their goods, and new goods to sell.** They wanted a **sea route to India or China, so they didn't have to rely on overland merchants.**

Answer 72

In the middle ages, **travel was rare.** However **people still left their countries if they had to, whether it was for work, for war or for pilgrimage**; and **as sea travel was often dangerous**, when **people did travel, they went overland.** **Luxuries like spices and silk were imported to England from China and India by overland trade routes**, which **meant that supply relied on foreign merchants**. Then, **in the 15th century came the first long sea voyages**. These **were made possible by:** * new n**avigational instruments like the compass** * f**ast, light ships that could be manoeuvred to catch the wind** * the **invention of guns**

Answer 73

One of the **most significant sailors of this era was Francis Drake**. Drake is perhaps **best remembered for** **circumnavigating** (sailed all the way around) the world **between 1577 and 1580**. Drake **probably wasn’t trying to sail around the world**. It **seems that he was sent by Elizabeth to explore the west coast of South America, looking for opportunities for English colonisation and trade.** He was **motivated by his desire to gain land for his country as well as for personal gain** and **because of his hatred of Spain. He was a Puritan** and was also **angered by the Spanish attacks on his cousin, John Hawkins’**, expeditions. Drake **explored the South American coastline**, **raiding many Spanish settlements** as **he went**. In the **Pacific** he **captured two Spanish treasure ships**. In **order to get the treasure** **safely home**, he **returned by a different route.** Drake was **knighted by Elizabeth on his ship the Golden Hind**. This **royal recognition and the wealth that he brought back encouraged other English sailors to go on long distance journeys.**

Answer 74

Weakening Spain * 1572: Drake **attacked Spanish ships loaded with silver from Peru** and **seized silver worth £40,000** at the time. * Drake **also returned with £400,000( £200million in today) worth of treasure captured from the Spanish**

Answer 75

**Hawkins** was a cousin of Francis Drake. His first expedition was 1**555-1563 to the Caribbean Islands and made a further two voyages to the Caribbean.** He was the **first Englishman to join the Atlantic Slave Trade.** He b**ought slaves in West Africa and sold them to the Spanish in the West Indie**s, often r**aiding Spanish ships as he went**. **Drake had travelled with Hawkins on two of his slave trading expeditions**. This **fuelled tensions between England and Spain** He also **brought tobacco back to England** Hawkins’ **first two voyages were very profitable**. **John Hawkins designed improved ships for the navy based on his experience of fighting the Spanish.**

Answer 76

Raleigh was a Protestant, born in Devon in 1554 and was a **favourite of Elizabeth’s. She granted him a patent** (licence) to set **up a colony in America**, as **Spain and Portugal had colonies in the New World**, and **Elizabethans wanted something similar**. It **was hoped that an American colony would provide wine, oil, sugar** and **flax**. It was also **thought that poor people from England could go and live there, which would help reduce poverty problems in England.** Raleigh **claimed an area of North America and named it Virginia to honour Elizabeth, the ‘Virgin Queen’.** He never visited NA himself. Both **his attempts to found a colony failed. In 1585,** the **first settlers faced so many problems that they left after a year; the second group disappeared without a trace**. In 1595, **Raleigh led another unsuccessful expeditio**n to **search the mythical city of gold, El Dorado**, in **South America**. He hoped to **achieve fame and fortune, but failed again.** It **was not until four years after Elizabeth’s death** that **the first successful English colony** was **established at Jamestown**. This **was achieved during the reign of James I of England.** The f**ocus was not just on America. English explorers also joined in the search for new routes to China and the Far East**. England’s **trade was over-reliant on the cloth industry and on Antwerp in the Netherlands.** This was **disrupted by war with Spain and Elizabeth’s government wanted to find new trading partners** and **markets**. New c**ompanies were set up**, such as the **East India Company** in 1601, who **were granted a monopoly with trade in the East**. They **brought silk, spices cotton and tea.** The **East India Company would go onto to being instrumental in establishing** an **empire for Britain in India.** Raleigh **didn’t play a major part in the Armada campaign.** Impact * Raleigh **was imprisoned in the Tower of London in June 1592 for marrying one of Elizabeth’s ladies-in-waiting,** He **was released in August 1592 to lead a very successful naval attack against the Spanish.** Following the attack, **Raleigh was sent back to the Tower but was released the following year and became a Member of Parliament.** * Whilst **imprisoned in the Tower, Raleigh wrote many poems** and even **wrote a history of the world.** 1.

Answer 77

**_Consequences_** In the **short term, Elizabethan exploration helped to increase tensions between Spain and England**. It made **heroes of men such as Drake** and brought great wealth to the merchants who helped to fund such voyages. The glory and riches won for England also contributed to the propaganda to build Elizabeth’s personal image. In the long term exploration was the foundation on which Britain’s later position as a superpower was built. **Economically**, **Britain became enormously rich** through **establishing trading links across the world and opening markets** for goods that were later produced during the Industrial Revolution. **Militarily**, **it led to the development of a powerful navy which dominated the seas until after WW2**. **Politically**, it led to the **establishment of colonies that later grew into the British Empire, which covered up to one-quarter of the world’s surface.**

Answer 78

* A new generation of ambitious politicians emerged which caused unrest in Court and Council led by **Cecil’s son, Robert Ceci**l and **Dudley’s stepson, the Earl of Essex** * Cecil **took on an increasingly heavy workload as his father aged, this angered Essex** * Essex’s **action had often angered the Queen**, for example when **he married without her permission and when she refused to promote one of his supporters and he lost his temper shouting, ‘her conditions are as crooked as her carcass’, Elizabeth then punched him and he was banished from Court** * He **was given another chance to redeem himself when he was told defeat the rebellion in Ireland** * Essex **ended up making peace against Elizabeth’s orders** * When Essex **returned to Court he had learned that Cecil had been promoted** and so he **burst into Elizabeth’s chambers before she was wigged or gowned** * This **was disrespectful and he was placed on house arrest and lost all his jobs** Under arrest, **Essex gathered 300 supporters and rumours of treason began to spread. Four Privy Council members went to question him and he held them hostage. He then proceeded to march on London to capture the queen. Londoners were unimpressed and most of his supporters eventually deserted him. Essex found his route blocked, returned home and surrendered. Essex was accused of being a traitor and was executed in the Tower of London in 1601.**

Answer 79

* ❖It showed Elizabeth's **control over her kingdom was fading as she couldn't always rely on the loyalty of those close to her.** * ❖It showed **some of the most powerful people in the kingdom were willing to disrespect her.** * ❖It d**emonstrated how the system of patronage was breaking down as the rebellion** would **not have happened at the beginning of** [**Elizabeth's reign.**](https://www.gcsehistory.com/faq/sub_elizabethan_government.html) * ❖Despite **the negatives, it also showed Elizabeth was still relatively strong as Essex was only able to muster 300 supporters.**

Answer 80

* By the 1590s, Elizabeth’s g**overnment was in crisis – damaged by war, plague, increased poverty and** **repeated harvest failures** * The **patronage system which had served Elizabeth so well began to fall apart as one by one, her trusted advisors died: Dudley (1588), Walsingham (1590) and Hatton (1591**) * Finally **William Cecil died in 1598 and afterwards Elizabeth became increasingly angry**, **depressed**, bad **tempered and lost popularity** – she was **seen as in the way of progression by a new wave of younger courtiers – 1601 Essex rebellion showed this!**

Answer 81

2 Paragraphs with Contextual knowledge. *Interpretation A is convincing because it makes reference to…………* During this time……(First piece of knowledge) Furthermore, …..(second piece of knowledge) *Interpretation A is convincing because it makes reference to…………* During this time……(First piece of knowledge) Furthermore, …..(second piece of knowledge) Have you……. * Used direct quotes from the written interpretation and descriptions from image? * Written 2 paragraphs? * Used accurate and relevant evidence to support/criticise the interpretation?

Answer 82

2 PEEL paragraphs explaining two different reasons about what was important with regards to the content that the question makes reference to. **P1** …was very important because it caused/led to…. During this time… Therefore… As a result….. **P2** …was further important because…. During this time…. Therefore…. As a result…..

Answer 83

2-3 PEEL Paragraphs in chronological order CAUSE/BACKGROUND = WHAT HAPPENED = Consequence/Impact **P1** * *Firstly, the … led to ….** * *due to the fact that….** * *As a result….** **P2** * *Secondly, it also had wider consequences as….** * *The impact on this was great because….** * *As a result…**

Answer 84

**Paragraph 1:** deal with factor/point in the question. **Paragraph 2&3:** deal with two other factors/points. **Paragraph 4:** conclusion You will be asked to consider the following: 1. **Motivation** – Why did someone want to build this building? 2. **Location** – Why did they build it in that particular location? 3. **Function**: Why was it built in that particular way? What features does the building have? 4. **Purpose:** What was the building used for? Who lived or worked there? Have you……. * Written 4 paragraphs? * Included the factor in the Question? * Included 1-2 other factors which are not stated in the Question? * Written a conclusion? * Directly referred to the statement in the question? * Used connectives and explanatory language? Used accurate and relevant knowledge?

Elizabeth Flashcards

(110 cards)