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OCR A Level Biology > Module 5: Neuornal communication > Flashcards

Module 5: Neuornal communication Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous pathway

A 
Receptor
Sensory neurone
CNS (via relay neurone) 
Motor neurone 
Effector (muscles)
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2
Q

What is the function of a dendron

A

Sends impluse to cell body

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3
Q

What is the function of the cell body

A

realeses neurotransmitters

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4
Q

What is the function of the axon

A

Sends impulse away from cell body

Axon (A , away)

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5
Q

What is the mylein sheath

A

layers of plasma membranes

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6
Q

What is the function of the mylein sheath

A

Acts as an insulating layer
Speeds up nerve impulses transmission
at nodes of ranvier

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7
Q

What makes the mylein sheath

A

Schwann cells

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8
Q

What is the function of the nodes of ranvier

A

signal is transmitted across nodes of ranvier

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9
Q

Draw the sensory neurone and label the parts

A

Go check google

labels 
cell body with nucleus 
dendrites 
cell body in the middle
axon
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10
Q

Draw a motor neurone and label it

A

Check google

Labels
Dendrites
Cell body with nucleus
axon

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11
Q

Draw a relay neurone

A

Check google

Labels
Cell body with nucelus in the middle with dendrites and axons surrounding
Dendrites
Axons

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12
Q

What is the resting potential of a neurone

A

-70 milivolts

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13
Q

Give the names of different sensory receptors

A

Mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
chemoreceptors
photoreceptor

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14
Q

Why do sensory receptors act as transducers

A

able to convert kinetic energy, thermal energy, light and chemical energy into electrical impulses

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15
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

When impulse jumps from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier

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16
Q

What is a generator’s potential

A

Change in potential difference due to a stimulus,
when stimulus is detected the cell membrane gets excited and becomes more permeable allowing more ions to move in and out of cell
if the generator potential is large enough an action potential will happen

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17
Q

How does the panicnium corpuscle work

A

Pressure to skin
causes lamellae to deform
stretch mediated sodium ion channels open
so sodium ions move in through sodium channels down electrochemical gradient
which depolarises the membrane
creates a generator potential
if generator potential is large enough it can cause an action potential

18
Q

How does an action potential work

A

Stimulus: Excites the membrane, so Na channels open. This causes membrane to be more permeable to NA+ ions so Na+ ions move into cell, down Na ion electrochemical gradient

Depolarisation: If resting potential reaches threshold, voltage-gated sodium ion channels open, so there is a rapid influx of Na+ ions diffuse in (positive feedback),

Repolarisation: at 30mv the Na channels close, and voltage-gated K+ ions open. Membrane more permeable to K+, so K+ ions diffuse out of neurone down potassium ion conc gradient (negative feedback)

Hyperpolarisation: k+ ions channels slow to close, causing a k+ to pump out of neurone. To get to the resting potential k+/Na+ pump returns to membrane potential back to normal

19
Q

What is the refactory period

A

Can’t be excited straight away as ion channels are recovering
acts as a time delay between one action potential and the next, so action potentials don’t overlap
Also makes sure action potential only travels one way (unidirectional)

20
Q

What is a synapse

A

junction between 2 neurones

21
Q

Name an excitory neurotransmotter

A

Acetylcholine

22
Q

Name an inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

23
Q

Describe synaptic transmission to a cholinergic synapse

A
  1. Action potential arrives at presynaptic knob
  2. Action potential stimulates ligand-gated channels in presynaptic neurone to open
  3. Calcium ions diffuse into presynpatic neurone down electrochemical gradient
  4. Influx of Ca+ ions causes vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane
  5. Vesicles release ACh into synaptic cleft via exocytosis
  6. ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft
  7. ACh binds onto cholinergic receptors
  8. This causes Na+ channels to open, Na+ diffuses in which causes depolarisation
  9. If threshold is reached another action potential will be generated
24
Q

How is ACh removed from the synaptic cleft

A

broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChe) into choline and acetate (ethanoic acid)
This diffuses back to presynaptic neurone
ATP can be used to combine Acetate and choline back to acetylcholine

25
Q

Outline the roles of synapses in nervous system

A

allows , neurones to communicate / cell signalling ;
2 ensure transmission (between neurones)
in one direction (only) ;
3 allows , convergence / impulses from more than one
neurone to be passed to a single neurone ;
4 allows , divergence / impulses from a single neurone
to be passed to more than one neurone ;
5 idea that filters (out) , ‘background’ / low level , stimuli
or
ensures that only stimulation that is strong enough
will be passed on ;
6 prevents fatigue / prevents over-stimulation ;
7 allows many low level stimuli to be amplified ;
8 idea that presence of inhibitory and stimulatory
synapses allows impulses to follow specific path ;
9 permits , memory / learning / decision making ;

26
Q

What is spatial summation

A

Multiple neurones that are connected on one single synapse
they will release neurotransmitters into synapse which will trigger an action potential if it reaches the threshold
allows signals from multiple stimuli to be coordinated into a single response

27
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

multiple high-frequency impulses over time are released from the same presynaptic neurone to trigger another action potential in postsynaptic neurone

28
Q

What is synaptic convergence

A

When multiple neurones all connect to a single neurone, causing the action potentials from multiple neurones to converge and become amplified

29
Q

What is synaptic divergence

A

When one neurone connects to many neurones so information can be dispersed to different parts of the body

30
Q

How is the nervous system organsised

A

Split into central and peripheral nervous system
Central: Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral: somatic and autonomic
autonomic: parasympathetic and sympathetic

31
Q

How is the nervous system organsised

A

Split into central and peripheral nervous system
Central: Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral: somatic and autonomic
autonomic: parasympathetic and sympathetic

32
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do

A
  • conscious control (running etc)

- skeletal muscles

33
Q

What does the autonmic nervous system do

A

controls unconscious activities

like heart rate, breathing, digestion

34
Q

What does the parasymapthetic nervous system do

A

rest and digest

35
Q

What does the symapthetic nervous system do

A

Fight or flight

36
Q

What are the different parts of the brain

A 
Cerebrum
Hypothalamus
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum 
Pituraity gland
37
Q

What function does the cerebrum have

A

controls:
voluntary actions
personality
learning, hearing and thinking

38
Q

What function does the cerebellum do

A

Coordinates muscle movement

particularly balance and posture

39
Q

What function does the medulla obolongata have

A

autonomic control

Controls heart rate, breathing rate

40
Q

What function does the hypothalamaus have

A

Automatically maintains body temperature
monitors blood glucose level
produces hormones that control the pituitary gland

41
Q

What function does the pituitary gland have

A

Split into anterior (produces hormones like FSH) and posterior glands (stores hormones made by hypothalamus like ADH)
Releases hormones to stimulate other glands

OCR A Level Biology (24 decks)

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