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Immunology and Inflammation > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Edward Jenner used what to vaccinate against smallpox in 1796?

A

cowpox

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2
Q

which virus did dmitri ivanosky discover?

A

tobacco mosaic virus

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3
Q

what did both Iilya Iiyich Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich receive in 1908?

A

Noble prize

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4
Q

where do dendritic cells originate from?

A

lymphoid progenitor

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5
Q

T/F the mucous membrane covers more surface area than the skin

A

True

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6
Q

what do cilia do in the lungs?

A

remove microbes and debris

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7
Q

what are the three main types of phagocytes?

A

macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells

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8
Q

what does a macrophage use to draw in foreign objects to “eat” them?

A

pseudopod

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9
Q

explain how chemotaxis occurs in a neutrophil

A

when a neutrophil SENSES something to engulf it becomes POLARIZED which causes CHEMOTAXIS where the neutrophil is attracted to the thing it wants to engulf and can track it down to ingest it

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10
Q

what are the two adaptive immunity cells called?

A

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

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11
Q

what mainly comprises our innate immunity?

A
  • epithelial barriers
  • phagocytes
  • complement system
  • NK cells
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12
Q

humoral immunity is mediated by _ lymphocytes and is the mechanism of defense against ______ ______

A

B

extracellular microbes

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13
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by _ lymphocytes and their products, such as _____ and is the mechanism of defense against _________ ______

A

T
cytokines
intracellular microbes

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14
Q

explain what passive immunity is

A

transferring of antibodies or effector cells

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15
Q

_______ are the only cells capable of specifically recognizing antigens and are thus the principal cells of adaptive immunity

A

Lymphocytes

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16
Q

Antigen-presenting cells capture microbial antigens, they display them to be recognized by _______

A

lymphocytes

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17
Q

what cell type do lymphocytes differentiate into to eliminate antigens?

A

effector cells

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18
Q

__________ help macrophages to eliminate ingested microbes and help B cells to produce antibodies.

A

CD4+ helper T lymphocytes

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19
Q

_________ kill cells harboring intracellular pathogens, thus eliminating reservoirs of infection

A

CD8+ CTLs

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20
Q

antibodies are the products of?

A

B lymphocytes

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21
Q

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) are a part of ____ immunity

A

innate

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22
Q

what are the three kinds of receptors in innate immunity?

a. Toll-like receptor
b. S-methylamine receptor
c. N-formyl methionyl receptor
d. Risperidone receptor
e. Mannose receptor

A

a,c,e

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23
Q

what are the two kinds of receptors in adaptive immunity?

A

Ig receptors

TCR receptors

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24
Q

name the three Cytosolic pattern recognition receptors and what they do

A
  • RIG-like receptors (RLRs): recognize viral RNA
  • cytosolic DNA sensors (CDSs): recognize bacterial cell wall constituents and also sense intracellular crystals, reactive oxygen species
  • NOD-like receptors (NLRs): same recognition as CDSs
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25
Q

pattern recognition factors, such as TLRs and RLRs, signal to activate the transcription factors ____ and _____ which promote inflammatory gene expression

A

NK-kB

AP-1

26
Q

pattern recognition factors, such as IRF transcription factors, stimulate expression of the antiviral _________

A

type I interferon genes

27
Q

what is the inflammasome composed of?

A

NOD-like receptor, an adaptor, and the enzyme caspase-1

28
Q

what is the main role of the inflammasome?

A

produce active forms of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-18

29
Q

explain what NK cells do

A

defend against intracellular microbes and provide a source of the macrophage-activating cytokine IFN-γ

30
Q

what prevents an NK cell from attacking normal human cells?

A

class I MHC molecules

31
Q

why does the complement system activate on microbial surfaces and not on normal host cells?

A

because microbes lack regulatory proteins that inhibit complement

32
Q

what are the The two major effector functions of innate immunity?

A

induce inflammation and block viral infection

33
Q

TNF and IL-1 are cytokines that do what?

A

activate endothelial cells, stimulate chemokine production, and increase neutrophil production by the bone marrow.

34
Q

L-1 and TNF both induce the production of what other cytokine?

A

IL-6

35
Q

IL-12 and IL-18 are cytokines that do what?

A

stimulate production of the macrophage-activating cytokine IFN-γ by NK cells and T cells

36
Q

which two precursors of tissue macrophages migrate from blood into inflammatory sites during innate immune responses because of the effects of
cytokines and chemokines produced by PAMP- and DAMP-stimulated tissue cells?

A

Neutrophils and monocytes

37
Q

IL-10 is a cytokine that is produced by and inhibits activation of ____ and ____

A

macrophages

dendritic cells

38
Q

what is the name of the drug which is a candidate for treatment and prevention of covid-19?

A

Apilimod

39
Q

what does Apilimod do specifically?

A

blocks replication of covid-19 virus in pneumocyte-like cells

40
Q

explain how a naive T cell becomes an effector T cell

A

Naive T cell binds to a dendritic cell which gives it the information required to become an effector T cell. The Naive T cell becomes activated and differentiates into an effector T cell

41
Q

Effector T cells activate two other types of cells. What are these cells and what is the outcome?

A

Macrophages: kill microbes specified to info received from effector T cell
B cells: produce antibodies in response to info received from effector T cell

42
Q

what is the difference in recognition between CD4+ helper T lymphocytes and CD8+ CTLs?

A 
CD4+ recognizes antigens in association 
with class II MHC gene products whereas CD8+ recognize antigens in association with class I MHC gene products
43
Q

dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, capture extracellular protein antigens, internalize and process them, and display class __-associated peptides to ____ cells

A

II

CD4+ T

44
Q

Class I MHC molecules are composed of?

A

an α chain complexed with β2-microglobulin

45
Q

Class II MHC molecules are composed of?

A

two MHC-encoded polymorphic chains, an α chain and a β chain

46
Q

Both classes of MHC molecules consist of:

a. extracellular peptide-binding cleft
b. non-polymorphic Ig-like region
c. β polymorphic chain
d. transmembrane region
e. nucleoplasm region
f. cytoplasmic region

A

a,b,d,f

47
Q

The peptide-binding cleft of MHC molecules has (two answers):

a. β-helical sides
b. α-helical sides
c. eight-stranded antiparallel β-pleated sheet floor
d. double-stranded antiparallel β-pleated sheet floor

A

b,c

48
Q

The polymorphic residues of MHC molecules are localized to?

A

the peptide-binding domain.

49
Q

what is the function of class I and class II MHC molecules?

A

bind peptide antigens and display them for recognition by antigen-specific T lymphocytes

50
Q

which MHC class allows larger peptides to bind?

A

class II

51
Q

what do cytokines like IFN-γ do?

A

stimulate the transcription of MHC genes

52
Q

TLR1 recognizes?

a. CpG DNA
b. ssRNA
c. Bacterial lipopeptides
d. LPS

A

c

53
Q

TLR2 recognizes?

a. CpG DNA
b. bacterial lipopeptides
c. LPS
d. bacterial peptidoglycan
e. b and d
f. a and b
g. c and d

A

e

54
Q

TLR3 recognizes?

a. LPS
b. dsRNA
c. ssRNA
d. CpG DNA

A

b

55
Q

TLR4 recognizes?

a. dsRNA
b. LPS
c. CpG DNA
d. ssRNA

A

b

56
Q

TLR5 recognizes?

a. Bacterial lipopeptides
b. LPS
c. Bacterial flagellin
d. CpG DNA

A

c

57
Q

TLR6 recognizes?

a. Bacterial lipopeptides
b. LPS
c. CpG DNA
d. Bacterial flagellin

A

a

58
Q

TLR7 recognizes?

a. dsRNA
b. Bacterial flagellin
c. ssRNA
d. CpG DNA

A

c

59
Q

TLR8 recognizes?

a. dsRNA
b. Bacterial lipopeptides
c. CpG DNA
d. ssRNA

A

d

60
Q

TLR9 recognizes?

a. CpG DNA
b. LPS
c. Bacterial peptidoglycan
d. dsRNA

A

a

Immunology and Inflammation (12 decks)

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