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national 5 biology > Plant transport systems > Flashcards

Plant transport systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the multicellular plant organs called?

A

A multicellular plant has organs called roots,stem(s) and leaves.

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2
Q

What are the organs in multicellular plant made of?

A

Each organ is made up of many types of specialised cells.

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3
Q

Why do mesophyll cells in plant leaves need water?

A

Mesophyll cells in plant leaves carry out a process called photosynthesis. To do this they need water.

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4
Q

Why do plant cells need minerals?

A

Plant cells also need minerals which are dissolved in soil water, for making essential molecules e.g. DNA and chlorophyll.

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5
Q

What do mesophyll cells produce during photosynthesis?

A

During photosynthesis the mesophyll cells produce glucose which is required by all cells in the plant.

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6
Q

Why do plants need transport systems?

A

plants therefore need transport systems to transport water, minerals and glucose around the plant.

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7
Q

How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf?

A

Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stoma, diffusing into the palisade mesophyll cell (for photosynthesis)

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8
Q

Where does oxygen diffuse out from?

A

Oxygen diffuses out a palisade mesophyll cell and through a stoma.

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9
Q

Where does water diffuse from and where to?

A

Water diffuses by osmosis from xylem to a mesophyll cell (for photosynthesis)

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10
Q

What is the function of the cuticle structure in the leaf?

A

Waterproof layer that reduces water loss from the leaf.

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11
Q

What is the function of the upper epidermis cell in the leaf?

A

Protects leaf and allows light to pass through the layer below.

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12
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll cells structure in the leaf?

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis.

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13
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll cells in the structure of a leaf?

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis.

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14
Q

What is the function of air spaces in the structure of a leaf?

A

Allows diffusion of gases within a leaf.

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15
Q

What are the two types of vein structures in a leaf?

A

Xylem and Phloem

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16
Q

What is the function of the xylem vein structure in a leaf?

A

Transports water from soil to leaf for photosynthesis.

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17
Q

What is the function of Phloem vein structure in a leaf?

A

Transports sugar from photosynthesising cells to the rest of the plant.

18
Q

What is the function of the stoma structure in a leaf?

A

Allows the carbon dioxide to enter the leaf and oxygen to exit the leaf

19
Q

What is the function of guard cells structure in a leaf?

A

CONTROLS gas exchange between the leaf and the air outside the leaf.

20
Q

Why do root hair cells have a large surface area?

A

Root hair cells are specialised to have a large surface area to absorb water from the surrounding soil.

21
Q

What happens when there is a water concentration gradient between the soil and the xylem vessel?

A

A water concentration gradient exists between the soil and the xylem vessel inside the root therefore water enters the root hair cells and travels from cell to cell to the xylem by the process called osmosis.

22
Q

What happens to the water

A
23
Q

What happens after water has entered the xylem through osmosis?

A

This water is then transported up the xylem vessel of the plant to a leaf. Mesophyll cells in the plant leaf have a lower concentration of water than the xylem, therefore water moves by osmosis from a higher water concentration in the xylem to a lower water concentration in the mesophyll cells. The water is available for photosynthesis.

24
Q

What happens to most of the water in the mesophyll cells?

A

Most water evaporates from these cells into air spaces where it then diffuses out through the stomata to the surrounding atmosphere.

25
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The process by which water moves up the plant and is lost by evaporation from stomata in plant leaves is called transpiration.

26
Q

What is the rate of transpiration controlled by?

A

The rate of transpiration is controlled by stomata. In most flowering plants, stomata are concentrated on the lower epidermis of leaves.

27
Q

When do stomata open and close?

A

In general, stomata open in light (so that CO2 can be absorbed for photosynthesis ) and close in the dark.

28
Q

Why would it benefit the plant is the stomata closed at night when the plant was not photosynthesising?

A

Reduces water loss from the stomata therefore more water would be available for photosynthesis.

29
Q

What is a potometer used for?

A

Determines the effect of environmental conditions on the rate of transpiration

30
Q

What happens to the rate of transpiration when wind speed is increased?

A

The rate of transpiration increases.

31
Q

What happens to the rate of transpiration when temperature is increased?

A

The rate of transpiration increases.

32
Q

What happens to the rate of transpiration when humidity is increased?

A

The rate of transpiration decreases.

33
Q

What happens to the rate of transpiration when leaf surface area is increased?

A

The rate of transpiration increases.

34
Q

Where is sugar transported to in plants?

A

Sugar is transported both upwards (e.g. to stem tips, flowers or fruit) and downwards (to cells in the stem/roots) in the phloem tissue.

35
Q

Are xylem cells alive or dead?

A

Xylem cells are dead.

36
Q

Are phloem cells alive or dead?

A

Phloem cells are alive.

37
Q

What are the xylem cells adaptions?

A

Xylem cells are lignified (have spirals or rings of lignin) to withstand the pressure changes as water moves through the plant.

38
Q

What are the phloem cells adaptions?

A

Phloem cells have sieve plates and associated companion cells.

39
Q

What is the function of xylem adaptions?

A

Support and water transport up the plant.

40
Q

What is the function of phloem adaption?

A

Companion cell: control of sieve tube functions.

Seive tube: transport of soluble carbohydrates (glucose) up and down plant.

41
Q

What are vascular bundles and how are xylem and phloem separated in stems?

A

The transport (vascular) tissue in stems is arranged in oval-shaped structures called vascular bundles. These are located around the perimeter of the stem, with the xylem and phloem separated by a layer called the cambium.

42
Q

How are xylem tissue and phloem tissue separated in root tissue?

A

Xylem tissue is concentrated in the center in a “star shape”. Phloem is distrubuted around the edge.

national 5 biology (29 decks)

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