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Biology > Past paper questions > Flashcards

Past paper questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bond found between the monomers in both starch and cellulose?

A

Glycosidic bond

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2
Q

Identify the types of reactions at A & B

A

Condensation and hydrolysis

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3
Q

Name the bond labelled X

A

Peptide bond

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4
Q

Give one example of a globular protein?

A

Enzymes

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5
Q

Give a structural difference in normal and disease causing prions?

A

It contains a secondary structure and is formed of beta pleated sheets.

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6
Q

State one way someone can get disease causing prions?

A

It can be caused by a mutation in the gene and may be passed from parent to offspring
It can appear spontaneously and will change normal prions into disease causing prions
It can be passed from consuming contaminated meat.

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7
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

What are the bonds that attach them?

A

Amino acids

Peptide bonds

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8
Q

What are the bonds labelled A&B (pg 31)

A

Hydrogen bonds

Phosphodiester

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9
Q

What structures are in both plant and animal cells?

What are in just plant cells?

What are just in animal cells?

A

Cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria

Vacuole and cell wall

Glycogen granules

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10
Q

What are the finger like extensions?

What forms secretory vesicles?

What allows direct movement of substances between adjacent plant cell walls?

A

Microvilli

Golgi apparatus

Plasmodesmata

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11
Q

Name structures A-D (PG 72)

A

Vesicle
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Cristae

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12
Q

Pg 73 in past papers?

A 
Mitochondria 
Nucleus 
Microvilli
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
Lamella
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13
Q

Why is the cell surface known as having a ‘fluid mosaic’ structure?

A

This is because phospholipids move from side to side and proteins are irregularly arranged throughout the membrane

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14
Q

What is prophase 1

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible as two chromatids
The nuclear membrane is broken, nucleolus disappears and spindle fibres form
Homologous pairs form bivalent bonds

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15
Q

What is metaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs line up on the equator of the cell

Spindle fibres attach to the centromeres of each chromosome

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16
Q

What is anaphase 1?

A

Microtubules contract spindle fibres that pull pairs of chromosomes apart to opposite poles of the cell
Separation of cells causes daughter cells to become haploid

17
Q

What is telophase 1?

A

Nuclear membrane reforms

18
Q

Prophase II:

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible as two chromatids

Spindle fibres form, nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus disappears

19
Q

Metaphase II:

A

Single chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell

Spindle fibres attach to centromeres on each chromosome

20
Q

Anaphase II:

A

Spindle fibres contract and pull chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell and split pairs

21
Q

Differences between light and electron microscopes:

A 
Electron is expensive 
Light is cheap
Electron use live specimens 
Light use dead specimens 
Light is in colour
Electron is in black and white 
Light uses a beam of light 
Electron uses electric
Light has a low resolution
Electron has a high resolution
22
Q

Reactions involved in amino acid production

A 
A = Condensation 
B = hydrolysis
23
Q

What is the bond that joins two amino acids together?

A

Peptide

A group of these - dipeptide

24
Q

A structural difference between normal prions and disease causing

A

Disease causing has a higher proportion of beta pleated sheets in its secondary structure

25
Q

One way you can get disease causing prions

A

Mutation of the gene that is passed from parent to offspring

By eating contaminated meat

26
Q

Elements present in all proteins

A

Amino acids, hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

27
Q

What does it mean if a protein has a quaternary structure

A

Consists of two or more polypeptides bonded together

28
Q

State the function of paneth cells and goblet cell in the ileum

A

Paneth cells secrete mucous and digestive enzymes

Goblet cells secrete protective mucous

29
Q

pg 83

A

Protein synthesis - rough endoplasmic reticulum
Secretory vesicles - golgi apparatus
Destruction of worn out organelles - lysosomes
Movement of substances from adjacent plant cells - plasmodesmata
Formation of ribosomes - nucleolus

30
Q

What is at the base of mitochondria

A

Cristae

31
Q

The layer between two plant cell walls that hold them together

A

Lamella

32
Q

The function of an isotonic buffer

A

Resists changes to pH. Prevents the loss or gain of water by organelles

33
Q

The structure and function of mitochondria

A

Typically bean shaped
Double membrane bound
Inner membrane folded to form cristae
Greater surface area inside the organelle and will help with the function of aerobic respiration

Biology (19 decks)

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