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Bio Paper 2 > Topic 7 Homeostasis > Flashcards

Topic 7 Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What do the endocrine glands do

A

The endocrine system coordinates the body’s response to changes in the environment

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2
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

‘Master gland’
Found in the brain and linked to the hypothalamus

releases hormones in response to changes detected by the hypothalamus.

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3
Q

What do the ovaries do

A

Release oestrogen

One of main hormones in the regulation of the menstrual cycle

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4
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

Produces insulin which regulates blood glucose levels

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5
Q

What do the adrenal glands do

A

Located above each kidney

Produces adrenaline which triggers the fight or flight response

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6
Q

What does the thyroid gland do

A

In our neck and releases thyroxine

Thyroxine regulates our metabolic rate, heart rate and temperature

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7
Q

What are the response for the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Triggers rapid response
Uses electrical signals that are carried around by neurones
Response is very short
Acts on a very precise part of the body

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8
Q

What are the responses of the endocrine system

A

. Slower response
Uses chemical messengers that are carried by blood
Response can be long lasting
Can act on large areas of the body

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9
Q

What happens when the the concentration of thyroid hormones such as thyroxine in the blood is low

A 
the hypothalamus (in the brain) produces TRH
This causes the pituitary to release TSH
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10
Q

What happens once thyroxine levels go above normal?

A

TRH secretion is reduced. This reduces TSH and thyroxine levels

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11
Q

How does blood glucose play a part in adrenaline

A

The liver converts stored glycogen back into glucose, raising the blood sugar levels.

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12
Q

What secondary sex characterises do males experience during puberty

A

Increase in testosterone which stimulates sperm production
Underarm, facial and pubic hairs
Voice deepens

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13
Q

What secondary sex characteristic do females experience during puberty

A

The amount of the hormone oestrogen rises and triggers the menstrual cycle.
Underarm and pubic hair grow.
Breasts enlarge.

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14
Q

What is the menstrual cycle

A

A monthly cycle which involved the maturation and releases of an egg

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15
Q

What four hormones from the endocrine system controls the menstrual cycle

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Oestrogen
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Progesterone

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16
Q

Once the female reaches puberty, how many eggs mature each month

A

1

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17
Q

What happens on day one of the menstrual cycle

A

The uterus lining breaks down

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18
Q

What happens when progesterone levels drop

A

Triggers the breakdown of the lining

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19
Q

What is the 2nd stage of the menstrual cycle

A

Days 4-14 -the uterus lining starts to build up again into a thick , spongy layer full of blood vessels

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20
Q

What happens in the 3rd stage of the menstrual cycle

A

( day 14) Ovulation happens - this is when an egg is released from one of the ovaries

21
Q

What happens in the 4th stage ( final stage) of the menstrual cycle

A

Day 15-28 - The uterus lining is maintained, which means that it is now ready for the arrival of a fertilised egg. If no fertilised egg is attached to the uterus lining, the lining breaks down and the cycle begins again.

22
Q

What is the function of a contraceptive pill

A

Reduced a women’s fertility to reduce the likelihood of pregnancy

23
Q

What are the two types of contraceptive pills

A

Combined pill

Progesterone-only pill

24
Q

What does the combined pill do

A

Contains both oestrogen and progesterone
By taking it every day, enough oestrogen builds up in the female body to inhibit the production of FSH so that no eggs mature.

25
Q

What does the progesterone- only pill do

A

.Stimulates production of thick, sticky mucus, which is very hard for any sperm to penetrate
.inhibits release of FSH so eggs don’t mature
. Just as effective as combined pill but has less side effects

26
Q

What 3 contraceptive methods can be used and not daily

A

Contraceptive patch
Contraceptive injection
Contraceptive implant

27
Q

How does the contraceptive patch work

A

The women places small contraceptive patch on skin which has to be changed once a week
Steadily releases progesterone

28
Q

How does the contraceptive injection work

A

The injections contains progesterone and can last up to three months

29
Q

How does the contraceptive implant work

A

Can last 3 years
Inserted under the skin (usually in an arm )
Continuously releases a small amount of progesterone

30
Q

What are intrauterine devices (IUDs)

A

aka the coil are small t shaped devices that are inserted into the uterus
Prevent implantation of an embryo ( fertilised egg)
Some also release progesterone

31
Q

What are diaphragms

A

Shallow plastic cup inserted into the vagina prior to sexual intercourse
Prevents sperm from reaching the egg

32
Q

What do condoms protect you from

A

Protect against STI such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea and HIV

33
Q

How do condoms work

A

Worn by male on his penis during sexual intercourse
Prevent sperm from entering the female during ejaculation
Often contain spermicide which kills the sperm on release

34
Q

What are natural methods of contraceptions

A

Abstinence and timing ( controlling body temperature)

35
Q

What is abstinence

A

Choosing to not have sexual intercourse until they are ready for a baby

36
Q

What is timing in natural contraception

A

Females body temperature rises during ovulation so avoid sex on these days
Not effective method as sperm can last up to 6 days in the females body

37
Q

What permanent procedure is used to remove any chance of getting pregnant

A

Sterilisation

38
Q

How does sterilisation work in males

A

Sperm ducts cut so sperm are not released on ejaculation

39
Q

How does sterilisation work for females

A

Having the Fallopian tubes cut so

that an egg can’t reach the uterus

40
Q

What happens when women do not have high enough levels of FSH to stimulate maturation of eggs

A

Infertile

41
Q

What can be used to help infertile women give birth

A

Clomifene

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

42
Q

What does clomifene do

A

Fertility drug that triggers ovulation by causing an increase in release of FSH then increases concentration of LH to cause ovulation

43
Q

What are the disadvantages of fertility treatments

A

Multiple pregnancies (twins or triplets if more embryos are implanted)
Fertility treatments are not guaranteed and can be very expensive
Can put emotional and physical stress on patients and families

44
Q

What are some body responses to to the adrenal glands preparing the body for fight or flight

A

Increased heart rate and blood pressure

Increase blood flow to the muscles

45
Q

Explain how thyroxine controls metabolic rate as an example of negative feedback

A

low levels of thyroxine stimulates production of TRH in hypothalamus
b this causes release of TSH from the pituitary gland c TSH acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine d when thyroxine levels are normal thyroxine inhibits
the release of TRH and the production of TSH

46
Q

How does FSH play a role in the menstrual cycle

A

Released by pituitary gland and causes an egg in the ovary to mature

47
Q

How does oestrogen play a role in the menstrual cycle

A

Produced in ovaries and causes the development of the thick, spongy uterus lining

48
Q

How does LH play a role in the menstrual cycle

A

Stimulates the release of a mature egg on day 14

49
Q

How does progesterone play a role in the menstrual cycle

A

Progesterone is produced in the ovaries after ovulation.

It is responsible for maintaining the lining of the uterus during days 14-28.

Bio Paper 2 (4 decks)

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