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physical science > CH.26 > Flashcards

CH.26 Flashcards

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1
Q

is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with cystalline form

A

minerals

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2
Q

when a mineral breaks along preferred planes of weakness creating sets of smooth parallel sides

A

cleavage

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3
Q

minerals that break with irregular surfaces exhibit

A

fracture

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4
Q

the physical property that measures a minerals resistances to scratching

A

hardness

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5
Q

molten rock material inside earth

A

magma

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6
Q

the color of a mineral in powdered from

A

streak

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7
Q

A mineral is

A

a a naturally occurring,inorganic, with a crystal line form

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8
Q

what are the two most abundant elements that make up earth crust?

A

oxygen and silicon

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9
Q

what does inorganic mean?

A

materials that are not living

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10
Q

what does the arrangement of an atom and the bonds between them reflect about a mineral?

A

minerals break,how hard it is, and what types of crystal shape it has

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11
Q

what are all the ways to identify minerals?

A

luster streak cleavage fracture hardness crystal shape

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12
Q

what are two types of luster?

A

metallic and non metallic

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13
Q

how does metallic luster reflect light?

A

in a way a metal surface might

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14
Q

how does nonmetallic luster reflect light

A

earthy or waxy

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15
Q

how do you perform a streak test?

A

by rubbing a mineral on an unglazed white tile

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16
Q

what are two types of breakage that can happen to minerals?

A

cleavage and fracture

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17
Q

what is the name of the scale to measure the hardness of a mineral?

A

mohs scale

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18
Q

what is the number range on Mohs scale of hardness?

A

1-10

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19
Q

how many different crystal shape systems are there?

A

6

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20
Q

minerals grow from the

A
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21
Q

what are 3 ways minerals can form?

A

hot water, evapiration, molten rock

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22
Q

what are the two mineral groups?

A

silicates non silicates

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23
Q

which mineral group is the most abundant in Earths crust?

A

silicates

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24
Q

what element are silicates made up of?

A

oxygen silicon

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25
Q

nonsilicates do not contain what element?

A

silicon

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26
Q

what mineral is used to make glass?

A

quartz

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27
Q

define rock

A

is a naturally formed mixture containing mineral, rock fragment, and valcanic glass

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28
Q

how are rocks identified?

A

by their composition and texture

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29
Q

what does the texture of a rock describe about a rock?

A
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30
Q

where do intrusive igneous rocks form?

A
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31
Q

what type of molten rock does intrusive igneous rocks form from?

A
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32
Q

what is the name of the series that illustrates simultaneous crystallization of silicate minerals?

A
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33
Q

what are three type of magma?

A
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34
Q

which magma type has a low silica content?

A
35
Q

which magma type has a high silica content?

A
36
Q

which type of crust has an abundant amount of quarts? (oceanic or continental)

A
37
Q

which type of crust has little to no quartz? (oceanic or continental)

A
38
Q

which type of igneous rock has a coarse grained texture?

A
39
Q

which type of igneous rock has has a fine grained texture?

A
40
Q

do fine grained rocks cool slowly or quickly?

A
41
Q

what are the two specific texture types for extrusive igneous rock?

A
42
Q

which texture is the type with holes left behind because of rapid cooling?

A
43
Q

which texture is the type with two different crystal sizes because of different cooling rates?

A
44
Q

what types of rocks has vesicular (holey) texture?

A
45
Q

define clast

A

small rock and mineral fragment

46
Q

what types of erosion are rocks on Earth’s surface exposed to?

A

water,wind, or other forces

47
Q

what does it mean if clasts are being transported?

A

its being moved from one location to another

48
Q

what does it mean if clasts are being deposited?

A

dropped off

49
Q

define pore space

A

between clast

50
Q

define compaction

A

is where clast stick together due to the weight of overlaying material

51
Q

define cementation

A

minerals precipitate slowly out a water solution and crystallize in the spaces between clast

52
Q

how are sedimentary rock formed?

A

Most of the time both compaction and cementation work together to make sedimentary rock.

53
Q

what is another name for clast?

A

Detritus

54
Q

what are sedimentary rocks called that are mostly made of clast

A

detrital sedimentary

rock.

55
Q

what is the decreasing size of clasts

A

gravel, sand, silt, or clay

56
Q

which clast size would be deposited first

A

gravel (heaviest material

57
Q

what are 4 common detrital sedimentary rocks formed?

A

conglomerate,sandstone,siltstone,shale

58
Q

how are chemical sedimentary rocks formed?

A

Mineral crystals also precipitate out of a solution through evaporation

59
Q

if sedimentary rocks contain remains of living organisms what are they called

A

biochemical sedimentary rock

60
Q

what are 2 common biochemical sedimentary rock?

A

lime stone and coal

61
Q

what are three types of sedimentary rock?

A

clast,bio,chemical

62
Q

metamorphic rock is changed by a combination of which 3 things?

A

heat,pressure, or chemical reaction

63
Q

which types of rocks can be changed by metmorphism

A

igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic

64
Q

what is it called when metamorphic changes in rocks occur over small changes

A

regional metamorphism

65
Q

when shale is compressed,which type of metamorphic rock is created?

A

slate

66
Q

what are two types of metamorphic rock textures?

A

foliated and nonfoliated

67
Q

define foliated texture

A

have crystals that are arranged in layers and bands

68
Q

define nonfoliated texture

A

has crystals with more random orientations

69
Q

metamorphic rocks are mainly classified based on which two things?

A

texture and compisition

70
Q

define rock cycle

A

the continual changing of rocks from one type to another

71
Q

which types of rocks are part of the rock cycle?

A

sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic

72
Q

what are 3 types of rocks?

A

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

73
Q

which type of rocks form from molten rock?

A

Igneous rocks

74
Q

which types of rocks are formed from clasts,precipitation, or compressed once living matter?

A
75
Q

which types of rocks are formed from heat,pressure, and chemical reaction?

A

metamorphic rock

76
Q

what can form from hot water, evaporation, or molten rock?

A

minerals

77
Q

the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on earth’s surface

A

weathering

78
Q

a mixture of weathered rock,organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

A

soil

79
Q

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering.

A

erosion

80
Q

gravity move eroded materials from one place to another is a processes called?

A

sediment transport

81
Q

drops this sediment load in a process called?

A

deposition

82
Q

The land area that gathers water for major river is called a river”s what?

A

drainage basin

83
Q

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline is called?

A

longshore current

physical science (6 decks)

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