Anatomy_Key Terms_Ch9 Flashcards
synarthroses
immovable joints
amphiarthroses
”"”of both kinds””, slightly movable joints”
diarthroses
freely movable joints
fibrous joints
bones are connected by fibrous tissue, namely dense regular connective tissue, no joint cavity is present
sutures
”"”seams””, bones are tightly bound by a minimal amount of fibrous tissue, occur only between bones of the skull, and their fibrous tissue is continuous with the periosteum around these flat bones”
syndesmoses
”"”with ligament””, bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue longer than thoes that occur in sutures (e.g., tibia and fibular, radius and ulna)”
gomphosis
”"”bolt””, peg-in-socket joint, the only example is the articulation of a tooth with its socket; the conecting ligament is the short periodontal ligament”
cartilaginous joints
articulating bones are united by cartilage, lack a joint cavity and are not highly movable
synchondrosis
”"”junction of cartilage””, joint where hyaline cartilage unites the bones, e.g. epiphyseal plates (immovable) or first rib’s costal cartilage and the manubrium of the sternam (immovable)”
symphysis
”"”growing together””, joint where fibrocartilage unites the bones, e.g. intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis, slightly movable joints (amphiarthroses) that provide stringth with flexibility”
arthroscopic surgery
”"”looking into joints””, outpatient procedure for torn cortilage using miniaturized video and surgical equipment inserted into the joint tthrough a single small incesion, the surgeon removes cartilage fragments and repairs the ligaments, in the process minimizing scarring andn tissue damage and speeding healing”
sprain
ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn
dislocation (luxation)
the bones of a joint are forced out of alignment
subluxation
a partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa, usually results from a physical blow or friction
“housemaid’s knee”
“painful bursitis of the subcutaneous prepatellar bursa, can be caused by falling on one’s knee”
“stedent’s elbow”
aka olecranon bursitis, the swelling of a bursa just deep to the skin of the posterior elbow
tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon
tenosynovitis
inflammation of a tendon sheath
arthritis
describes over 100 kinds of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints, all have to a degree the same initial symptoms (pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joint)
osteoarthritis (OA)
“most common type of arthritis, ““wear-and-tear arthritis””, affects the articular cartilages causing them to soften, fray, crack, and erode”
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic inflammatory disorder, affects many joints simultaneously and bilaterally esp small joints, symptoms include osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems
autoimmune disease
“a disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues”
ankylosis
”"”stiff condition””, end condition of RA that often produces bent, deformed fingers”
gouty arthritis, or gout
inflammatory respnose as the body tries to attack and digest the solid crystals of urate in the synovial membranes
synovial joints
”"”joint eggs””, most movable joints of the body, all diarthroses (freely movable), each contains a fluid-filled joint cavity, most joints esp those in the limbs”
fibrous layer (articular capsule)
outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue is continuous with the perosteum layer of the joining bones
articular cartilage
the ends of opposing bones are covered by articular cartilages composed of hyaline cartilage
joint (articular) cavity
potential space that holds a small amount of synovial fluid
articular capsule
joint cavity is encclosed by a two-layered articular capsule, or joint capsule
synovial membrane
inner layer of the articular capsule compsoed of loose connective tissue, also covers all the internal joint surfaces not covered by cartilage, function is to make synovial fluid
synovial fluid
viscous liquid inside the joint cavity, primarily a filtrate of blood arising from capillaries in the synovial membrane, a slippery lubricant that eases the movement at the joint due to the glycoprotein molecules secreted by the fibroblasts in the synovial membrane
weeping lubrication
mechanism of squeezing synovial fluid into and out of the articular cartilages, nourishes the cells in the articular cartilages and lubricates the free surfaces of these cartilages allowing the adjoining bones to move across each other with a mimum of friction
reinforcing ligaments
some synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by bandlike ligaments, usually capsular (thickened parts of the fibrous layer of the articular capsule) but sometimes extracapsular or intracapsular
articular disc
“aka meniscus ““crescent””, disc of fibrocartilage extends internally from the capsule and completely or partly divides the joint cavity in two (temporomandibular joint, sternoclavicular joint, knee joint, few others)”
bursae and tendon sheaths
contain synovial fluid and often are sasociated with synovial joints, reduce friciton between body elements that move over one another
bursa (description)
flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane, occure where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones overlie each other and rub together
tendon sheath
elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon that is subjected to friction (e.g. the carpal tunnel)
gliding
nearly flat surfaces of two bones slip across each other, e.g. between the carpals and tarsals and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae
flexion
decreases the angle between the bones, brining these bones closer together (e.g. bringing chin to chest or face to floor, making a fist, or bicep curls, or when the shoulder is moved in an anterior direction (raising the arm) or the hip when the thigh moves anteriorly (butt kick))
extension
increasing the angle between bones and is a straightening action (bringing head back, standing up after leaning forward, bringing a shin forward from a butt kick, swinging an arm behind you, straigtening the fingers from a fist)
hyperextension
”"”superextension””, bending a joint back beyond its normal range of motion (e.g. a standing bridge)”
abduction
”"”moving away””, movement of a limb away from the body midline (raising the arm or thigh laterally, spreading the fingers or toes (midline is the longest digit–third finger or second toe); bending the trunk away from the body midline to the right or left is called lateral flexion instead of abduction)”
lateral flexion
bending the trunk away from the body midline to the right or left
adduction
”"”moving toward””, the movement of a limb toward the body midline (or longest digit, e.g. lowering a limb laterally or bringing toes or fingers close in a line)”
circumduction
”"”moving in a circle””, moving a limb or finger so that it describes a con in space, complex movement tha combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succession”
rotation
turning movement of a bone around the longitudinal axis, this motion occurs along the transverse plane, the only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae (entire vertebral column twists the trunk to the right or left, hip and shoulder joints, limbs)
medial rotation
rotating toward the median plane (pointing the big toe toward the other foot or the thum toward the other hand)
lateral rotation
rotating away from the median plane (pointing the toes away from the other foot or the thumb away from the other hand)
elevation
lifting a body part superiorly (e.g. mandible while chewing)
depression
moving an elevated body part inferiorly (e.g. mandible while chewing)
protraction and retraction
nonangular movements in the anterior and posterior direrections respectively, e.g. mandible to jut out the jaw and bring it back
supination
“occurs when the forearm, sepcifically the radius, rotates laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly (the hand is lying on its ““back””, supine), standard anatomical position”
pronation
“occurs when the radius rotates medially so that the palm faces posteriorly (hand lying ““belly”” side down, as in a prone float), pronation brings the radius across the ulna so that the two bones form an X”
opposition
in the palm, the saddle joint between metacarpal I and the trapezium allows a movement called opposition of the thumb, the action by which you move your thumb across the palm enabling it to touch teh tips of the other fingers of the same hand
inversion and eversion
special movements of the foot at the intertarsal joints; to inevert the foot turn the sole medially, to evert the foot, turn the sole laterally
dorsiflexsion
lifting the foot so that its superior surface approches the shin
plantar flexion
depressing the foot or elevating the heel (pointing the toes)
nonaxial
adjoining bones do not move around a specific axis
uniaxial
movement occurs around a single axis
xiaxial
movement can occur around two axes; thus, the joint enables motion along both the frontal and sagittal planes
multiaxial
movement can occur around all three axes and along all three body planes (frontal, sagittal, and transverse)
muscle tone
an important factor in joint stabilization, a constant low level of contractile force generated by a muscle even when it is not causing movement
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
aka jaw joint, modified hinge joint, just anterior to the ear, condylar process of the mandible articulates with the inferior surface of the squamous temporal bone, articular surfaces covered with fibrocartilage (unique feature of the TMJ)
articular tubercle
anteriorly, the articular surface on the temporal bone forms a dense knob
lateral ligament (TMJ)
enclosing the TMJ is a loose articular capsule, the lateral aspect of which is thickened
sternoclavicular joint (SC)
saddle joint (only found in the sternoclavicular joint and the joint between the trapezium and metacarpal I/thumb)
anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
four ligaments surround the SC
interclavicular ligament
extends between the medial end of the left and right clavicles
costoclavicular ligament
extends from the first costal cartilage to the inferior surface of the clavicle
shoulder joint
stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint of the body, ball-and-socket, head of humerus and shallow glenoid cavity of the scapula
glenoid labrum
slightly deepened rim of fibrocartilage of the glenoid cavity
coracohumeral ligament
only strong thickening of the articular cappsule is the superior _, which helps support the weight of the upper limb
glenohumeral ligaments
anterior part of the capsule thickens slightly into three rather weak _
rotator cuff
encircles the sohulder joint and merges with the joint capsule, muscles include the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor, plus four tendons
elbow joint
humeroulnar joint, hinge, allows only extension and flexion
anular ligament of the radius
”"”ringlike””, articular capsule attaches to the humerus and ulna and to the _, a ring around the head of the radius”
radial collateral ligament
a triangular band on the lateral side where the capsule thickens into strong ligaments that prevent lateral movements
ulnar collateral ligament
on the medial side where the capsule thickens into strong ligaments that prevent medial movements
