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A&P 2 > Ch. 19 Blood > Flashcards

Ch. 19 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cardiovascular consist of?

A

Heart, blood, and blood vessels

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2
Q

What does circulating blood provide the body’s cells with?

A

Nutrients, hormones, oxygen, and chemical messengers

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3
Q

What type of cells do circulating blood carry?

A

Immune cells

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4
Q

What does whole blood include?

A

Plasma and formed elements

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5
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The fraction of blood volume occupied by cells

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6
Q

What temperature is blood? Both Celsius and Fahrenheit

A

38° C (100.4° F)

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7
Q

How much more viscous is blood than water?

A

5x

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8
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

Slightly alkaline, 7.4 on pH scale

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9
Q

What is the percentage of blood in relation to your body weight?

A

7%

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10
Q

How much blood do men carry?

A

5-6 liters

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11
Q

How much blood do women carry?

A

4-5 liters

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12
Q

What are the formed elements of blood? 3

A

Platelets
White blood cells
Red blood cells

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13
Q

What is the plasma composition of blood? 3

A

Water
Plasma protein
Other solutes

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14
Q

What are the 3 plasma proteins in blood plasma?

A

Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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15
Q

What are the other solutes in blood plasma? 6

A 
Inorganic electrolytes
Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3-
H+ ions
Glucose, fructose, and other small carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Organic wastes
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16
Q

What are inorganic electrolytes in blood plasma?

A

Ions that are present in the plasma

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17
Q

What is the red blood cell count?

A

The number of RBCs in 1 microliter of whole blood

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18
Q

What is the typical red blood cell count in males?

A

4.5–6.3 million

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19
Q

What is the typical red blood cell count in females?

A

4.2–5.5 million

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20
Q

What are platelets important for?

A

The clotting process

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21
Q

What are white blood cells/leukocytes important for?

A

Immune function

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22
Q

What do RBCs of mammals lose?

A

Most of their organelles including nuclei

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23
Q

What are 4 consequences of RBCs not having organelles?

A
  • No cell division
  • No synthesis of proteins or enzymes
  • Energy demands are low
  • Use anaerobic metabolism of glucose (glycolysis) for energy demands
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24
Q

What 3 things do RBCs lack?

A

Nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes

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25
Q

Without nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes, what are RBCs incapable of doing?

A

Repair

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26
Q

What type of metabolism do RBCs carry out?

A

Anaerobic metabolism

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27
Q

How long do RBCs live?

A

120 days

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28
Q

What is the shape of a RBC?

A

Each RBC is a biconcave disc

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29
Q

What are 3 features of the RBC structure?

A
  • Large Surface area-to-volume ratio
  • Allows stacking
  • Enables bending and flexing for passage in capillaries
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30
Q

3 key proteins within RBC

A
  • 2 alpha chains
  • 2 beta chains
  • Single Heme with Iron core
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31
Q

What is important about the iron core of RBCs?

A

It is the key to why we recycle much of RBC components

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32
Q

What are hemocytoblasts?

A

Multi-potent stem cells

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33
Q

What do hemocytoblasts give rise to?

A
  • Myeloid stem cells

- Lymphoid stem cells

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34
Q

What is produced by myeloid stem cells?

A

Red blood cells mostly, and some white blood cells

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35
Q

What is produced by lymphoid stem cells

A

White blood cells (lymphocytes)

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36
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Red blood cell formation

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37
Q

During erythropoiesis in the first 8 weeks of development, where are RBCs formed?

A

The embryonic yolk sac

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38
Q

Later in development, where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

The liver, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow

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39
Q

In adults, where does erythropoiesis only occur?

A

Red bone marrow

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40
Q

Building red blood cells requires:

A
  • Amino acids
  • Iron
  • Vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid
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41
Q

What are the key factors to push Myeloid Progenitor Cells?

A

IL’s, MS-CSF

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42
Q

Where are glycoproteins formed?

A

In kidneys and liver

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43
Q

Where/when do erythropoietin appear?

A

Appears in plasma when kidneys are exposed to low levels of O2 (hypoxia)

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44
Q

When erythropoietin is released and travels to bone marrow, what does it do?

A
  • Increases cell division

- Speeds up maturation by accelerating Hb production

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45
Q

Regarding blood doping, why is EPO administered to healthy athletes?

A

To increase hematocrits or packed hematorcrits reintroduced

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46
Q

What does blood doping increase?

A

Oxygen for muscles

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47
Q

What determines your blood type?

A

Which antigens are on your plasma membrane, glycoproteins or glycolipids

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48
Q

What are the different blood types?

A

A, B, O, AB, and Rh- or Rh+

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49
Q

What is agglutination in RBCs?

A

When RBCs “stick” together

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50
Q

What causes agglutination in RBCs?

A

Antibodies called agglutinins “attack” foreign agglutinogens

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51
Q

What blood is the universal donor?

A

O negative blood

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52
Q

What is another name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

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53
Q

What are the 4 duties of WBCs?

A
  • Defend body against pathogens
  • Remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells
  • Circulate only a short period of their life
  • Can leave the blood and enter damaged tissue
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54
Q

What do WBCs have that RBCs don’t?

A

Nuclei and other organelles

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55
Q

Like RBCs, what do WBCs also lack?

A

Hb

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56
Q

5 examples of WBCs

A
  • Monocyte
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Lymphocyte
  • Neutrophil
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57
Q

What represents 50-70% of circulating WBCs?

A

Neutrophils

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58
Q

How did neutrophils get their name?

A

Because they are difficult to stain (neutral)

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59
Q

What are the first white blood cells to arrive at an infection?

A

Neutrophils

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60
Q

How do neutrophils help at a site of infection?

A

By attacking and digesting bacteria that has been “marked” with antibodies

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61
Q

What makes up less than 1% of WBCs?

A

Basophils

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62
Q

What do basophils release?

A

Granules into interstitial fluids

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63
Q

What does histamine mean?

A

Dilates blood vessels

64
Q

What does heparin mean?

A

Prevents blood clotting

65
Q

What gives eosinophils their name?

A

Because they stain with the red dye eosin

66
Q

What makes up 2-4% of circulating WBCs?

A

Eosinophils

67
Q

What kind of nucleus do eosinophils have?

A

Bi-lobed nucleus

68
Q

What do eosinophils attack?

A

Things marked with antibodies

69
Q

What do eosinophils do during allergic reactions?

A

Numbers increase due to sensitivity

70
Q

How do eosinophils control inflammation?

A

With enzymes that counteract inflammatory effects of neutrophils and mast cells

71
Q

Are monocytes large or small?

A

Very large

72
Q

What makes up 2-8% of circulating WBCs?

A

Monocytes

73
Q

What do monocytes secrete?

A

Substances that draw fibrocytes to regions which begin to produce scar tissue

74
Q

What do monocytes do when they enter peripheral tissues?

A

Become macropages

75
Q

What makes up 20-30% of circulating WBCs?

A

Lymphocytes

76
Q

Where are lymphocytes typically?

A

In connective tissue and lymphoid system

77
Q

How many classes of lymphocytes are there?

A

3

78
Q

What is the blood clotting phase called?

A

Coagulation phase

79
Q

What happens during the coagulation phase?

A

Complex series of events ultimately leading to the conversion of circulating fibrinogen into the insoluble protein fibrin

80
Q

During the coagulation phase, what does the fibrin network do?

A

It grows, covering the surface of the platelet plug

81
Q

What does the coagulation phase depend on?

A

Clotting factors (procoagulants). Many of the factors are proenzymes that act in a cascade fashion “turning on” other proenzymes

82
Q

What is the common pathway during the coagulation phase?

A
  1. ) prothrombinase
  2. ) prothrombin –> thrombin
  3. ) fibrinogen –> fibrin
83
Q

What is the last step in the coagulation phase?

A

Clot retraction pulls the torn edges of the vessel together

84
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

Dissolving of the clot

85
Q

What does fibrinolysis begin with?

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and other factors –> Plasminogen

86
Q

During fibrionolysis, what does the activation of plasminogen produce?

A

The enzyme plasmin which begins digestion of the fibrin strands

87
Q

What are 2 of the necessary items for coagulation?

A

Calcium and Vitamin K

88
Q

Why is calcium necessary for coagulation?

A

Low calcium levels will impair blood clotting

89
Q

Why is vitamin K necessary for coagulation?

A

Vitamin K must be present for the liver to synthesize many of the clotting factors

90
Q

What is the fluid connective tissue of the cardiovascular system?

A

Blood

91
Q

What is blood?

A

A specialized connective tissue that contains cells suspended in a fluid matrix

92
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

Fluid connective tissue

93
Q

In addition to water and proteins, what else make up plasma?

A

Electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes

94
Q

Is plasma a formed element?

A

No

95
Q

Where are most plasma proteins produced?

A

Liver

96
Q

Which category of plasma proteins includes antibodies?

A

Globulins

97
Q

Proportionately, what is the largest component of the plasma, other than water?

A

Proteins

98
Q

What is the more filtered form of plasma?

A

Serum

99
Q

What is an advantage of serum?

A

It makes it easier to find things in plasma that aren’t as robust or populating

100
Q

What is the coating used on test tubes to prevent blood clotting?

A

Heparin

101
Q

What would trigger a sample of blood to be abnormal in appearance?

A

Too many WBCs

102
Q

What is the easiest way to tell a RBC from a WBC?

A

A WBC has a nucleus and the cytoplasm is mostly white

103
Q

What are the two categories of WBCs?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

104
Q

What do granulocytes look like under a microscope?

A

Balls of material and beading from vesicles

105
Q

3 types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

106
Q

What is the first thing a neutrophil does to break down cellular debris?

A

Spits on it to begin breaking it up

107
Q

When you have an injury site, what is the first thing sent?

A

An army of neutrophils

108
Q

What do neutrophils and eosinophils have in common?

A

They both spit on debris to break it apart

109
Q

What occurs to transition basophils to mast cells?

A

When the basophil gets out of the blood supply and takes up permanent residence in your airways and skin, it’s in connective tissue so we call it a mast cell

110
Q

2 types of agranulocytes

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

111
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells

112
Q

What is the appearance of a lymphocyte?

A

1 large nucleus with a little bit of cytoplasm

113
Q

What is the appearance of a monocyte?

A

Large with a kidney bean-shaped nucleus

114
Q

What is the appearance of a neutrophil?

A

Round cell with a lobed nucleus

May resemble a string of beads

115
Q

What is the appearance of an eosinophil?

A

Bi-lobed nucleus

116
Q

What are the small blue objects in a sample of blood?

A

Platelets

117
Q

What is the yellow in the background of a sample of blood?

A

Plasma

118
Q

What are the pieces and proteins that stick outside the RBC?

A

Antigens

119
Q

What are the molecules we make in our body to bind to antigens?

A

Antibodies

120
Q

What makes antibodies that attach to pathogens?

A

B cells

121
Q

If you have the Rh antigen, what does that mean for your blood type?

A

You’re positive

Ex. O positive

122
Q

What is the universal donor of blood?

A

O negative

123
Q

What is the universal receiver of blood?

A

AB positive

124
Q

What does MCV stand for?

A

Mean cell volume

125
Q

What is the purpose of determining mean cell volume?

A

Trying to figure out if your blood cells are the right size

126
Q

When is the Rh factor most important?

A

For women in pregnancy

127
Q

How to determine mean cell volume

A

hematocrit x 10 divided by RBC count

128
Q

What does MCHC stand for?

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

129
Q

What is the purpose of determine MCHC?

A

Finding out how much hemoglobin is in a RBC

130
Q

What does hyperchromic mean?

A

Too much hemoglobin in a RBC

131
Q

What are the nonliving parts of blood plasma?

A

The plasma proteins, other solutes, and water

132
Q

What are the living parts of blood plasma?

A

The formed elements

133
Q

Why are RBCs considered a cell?

A

They have a membrane and can respond to some of its environment

134
Q

What is the lifespan of RBC?

A

120 days

135
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

14 days

136
Q

What is the purpose of the RBC structure?

A

Has to be able to stack to get as much into smaller spaces as possible

137
Q

What is the structure of hemoglobin?

A

4 chains of proteins: 2 are alpha and 2 are beta. In the middle is a molecule called a heme which has an iron atom in the middle bound to an oxygen atom

138
Q

How many oxygen molecules does one molecule of hemoglobin have?

A

4

139
Q

Within 24 hours, what do reticulocytes become?

A

Red blood cells

140
Q

What is CSF?

A

Colony stimulating factor

141
Q

What does IL stand for?

A

Interleukins

142
Q

In addition to water and proteins, what else make up plasma?

A

Electrolytes, nutrients, and organic wastes

143
Q

Which type of protein is responsible for transporting triglycerides in the blood?

A

Apolipoproteins

144
Q

A patient developed an obstruction in his renal arteries that restricted blood flow to his kidneys. What change would occur to the formed elements?

A

Hematocrit would increase.

145
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma with the clotting factors removed

146
Q

Which plasma protein would you expect to be elevated if you were suffering from strep throat?

A

Immunoglobulins

147
Q

How is it that liver disorders can alter the composition and the functional properties of blood?

A

The liver is the primary source of plasma proteins.

148
Q

What are the “patrol agents” in the blood that defend the body against toxins and pathogens?

A

White blood cells and antibodies

149
Q

The formed elements of the blood consist of __________.

A

Red and white blood cells and platelets

150
Q

What would be the effect on your body if for some reason your liver was damaged and stopped producing albumins?

A

Tissue swelling

151
Q

Which component makes up the largest proportion of the formed elements?

A

Erythrocytes

152
Q

Where are most plasma proteins produced?

A

Liver

153
Q

Proportionately, what is the largest component of the plasma, other than water?

A

Proteins

154
Q

Which of the plasma proteins functions in blood clotting?

A

Fibrinogen

155
Q

What portion of a person’s body weight does the blood represent?

A

7%

156
Q

Which category of plasma proteins includes antibodies?

A

Globulins

A&P 2 (5 decks)

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