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A&P 2 > Ch. 20 The Heart > Flashcards

Ch. 20 The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What system is the heart, blood, and blood vessels part of?

A

The cardiovascular system

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2
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • To distribute oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body
  • To take away carbon dioxide and other wastes
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3
Q

How many beats does the heart do per day?

A

100,000

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4
Q

How many liters of blood does the heart pump daily?

A

8,000

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5
Q

Beginning with the right atrium, what is the order of the valves through which blood will pass?

A

Blood will pass through the tricuspid valve (right AV valve), the pulmonary valve, the mitral valve (left AV valve), and finally the aortic valve.

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6
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system would increase heart rate?

A

The sympathetic nervous system would increase heart rate. The cardioacceleratory center controls sympathetic neurons that increase heart rate.

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7
Q

Oxygen-poor blood is pumped to ______ within the ______ circuit

A

The lungs

Pulmonary circuit

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8
Q

Oxygen-rich blood is pumped to ______ within the ______ circuit

A

The body

Systemic circuit

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9
Q

What is the pathway the pulmonary circuit takes?

A

Oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries, to the lungs. Oxygen-rich blood back through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium

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10
Q

What is the pathway the systemic circuit takes?

A

Oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle through the systemic arteries. Oxygen-poor blood through systemic veins back to the right atrium

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11
Q

Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit must complete the…?

A

Pulmonary circuit before reentering the systemic circuit

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12
Q

Which circuit does the left side of the heart supply blood to?

A

The systemic circuit

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13
Q

Which circuit does the right side of the heart supply blood to?

A

Pulmonary circuit

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14
Q

____ carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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15
Q

____ return blood to the heart

A

Veins

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16
Q

What are great vessels?

A

The largest veins and arteries in the body; connected to the heart

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17
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Interconnect the smallest arteries and the smallest veins

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18
Q

Why are capillaries called exchange vessels?

A

Their thin walls permit the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and wastes between the blood and surrounding tissue

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19
Q

What are the 4 muscular chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

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20
Q

What does the right atrium do?

A

Receives blood from the systemic circuit and passes it to the right ventricle

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21
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

Pumps blood into the pulmonary circuit

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22
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

Collects blood from the pulmonary circuit and empties it into the left ventricle

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23
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Pumps blood into the systemic circuit

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24
Q

When the heart beats, what contracts first?

A

The atria

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25
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the thoracic cavity near the anterior chest wall, directly posterior to the sternum

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26
Q

Where are the great vessels (veins and arteries) connected?

A

To the superior end of the heart at its base

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27
Q

What is the name of the pointed tip of the heart?

A

Apex

28
Q

What does heart size depend on?

A

Age, height, weight, sex

29
Q

What are the walls of the heart, from deep to superficial?

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Pericardium

30
Q

Define endocardium

A

Inner layer whose simple squamous epithelium is continuous with the endothelial lining of blood vessels

31
Q

Define myocardium

A

Spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells

32
Q

Define pericardium

A

Surrounds the heart and consists of an outer fibrous pericardium and an inner serous pericardium

33
Q

What is the name of the expandable extension of an atrium?

A

Auricle

34
Q

What is the coronary sulcus?

A

A deep groove that marks the border between the atria and the ventricles

35
Q

What marks the boundary between the left and right ventricles?

A

The anterior interventricular sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus

36
Q

What lies in the coronary and interventricular sulci?

A

Fat

37
Q

What are the heart wall’s distinct layers, from superficial to deep?

A

Outer epicardium
Middle myocardium
Inner endocardium

38
Q

What does the outer epicardium cover?

A

The surface of the heart

39
Q

What does the middle myocardium contain?

A

Cardiac muscle cells, connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves

40
Q

What does the inner endocardium cover?

A

The inner surfaces of the heart, including the heart valves

41
Q

What does the connective tissues of the heart include?

A

Large numbers of collagen and elastic fibers

42
Q

Each cardiac muscle cell is wrapped in…?

A

A strong elastic sheath

43
Q

What are the atria separated by?

A

The interatrial septum

44
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid valve

Mitral valve

45
Q

What do the atrioventricular valves permit?

A

Blood to flow only in only one direction: from the atria to the ventricles

46
Q

What are the two semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

47
Q

What are the two great veins the right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit through?

A

Superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava

48
Q

Where does the superior vena cava deliver blood to the right atrium from?

A

From the head, neck, upper limbs, and chest

49
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava deliver blood to the right atrium from?

A

The rest of the trunk, viscera, and lower limbs

50
Q

What does the foramen ovale become?

A

The fossa ovalis

51
Q

What are cusps?

A

Blood travels from the right atrium into the right ventricle through a broad opening bordered by three fibrous flaps, called cusps

52
Q

What do contractions on the papillary muscles pull on?

A

The chordae tendineae

53
Q

What are trabeculae carneae?

A

Muscular ridges on the internal surface of the right ventricle

54
Q

Which valve guards the entrance to the left ventricle?

A

The mitral valve

55
Q

Where does the mitral valve permit blood to flow from and into?

A

From the left atrium into the left ventricle

56
Q

What is the difference between the internal organization of the left and right ventricles?

A

The left ventricle does not have a moderator band

57
Q

Blood leaves the left ventricle through the _____ and enters the _____

A

Aortic valve

Ascending aorta

58
Q

What is the function of the atria?

A

To collect blood that is returning to the heart and to convey it to the ventricles

59
Q

Which ventricle is larger and why?

A

The left ventricle is much larger than the right ventricle because the left ventricle has thicker walls that enable it to push blood through the body’s systemic circuit. The right ventricle needs to pump blood at lower pressure to and from the lungs

60
Q

When the ventricles are _____, the tricuspid and mitral valves are _____ and the aortic and pulmonary valves are _____

A

Relaxed
Open
Closed

61
Q

When the ventricles are _____, the tricuspid and mitral valves are _____ and the aortic and pulmonary valves are _____

A

Contracting
Closed
Open

62
Q

Which valve is the most common to falter?

A

The mitral valve

63
Q

When using a stethoscope, what are faulty valves heard as?

A

Heart murmurs

64
Q

What prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria when the ventricles are contracting?

A

The atrioventricular (AV) valves

65
Q

What prevents the backflow of blood from the pulmonary trunk and aorta into the right and left ventricles?

A

The pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves

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