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Developmental Psych > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and increases chances that the outcome will occur

A

risk factor

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2
Q

variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and decreases chances that the outcome will occur

A

protective factor

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3
Q

ability to avoid negative outcomes despite being at risk for psychopathology

A

resilience

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4
Q

pattern of behavioral, cognitive, or physical symptoms that causes significant distress in the subject

A

psychological disorder

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5
Q

concept that personality and mental health outcomes have multiple roots

A

psychoanalytic theory

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6
Q

branch of science that attempts to classify psychiatric disorders into descriptive categories

A

nosology

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7
Q

cluster of negative attitudes and beliefs that motivates fear, rejection, and discrimination against people with mental illnesses

A

stigma

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8
Q

ability to adapt to one’s environment

A

competence

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9
Q

psychosocial task of childhood that reflects broad domains of competence and indicates how children typically progress

A

developmental task

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10
Q

concept to describe the sequence and timing of particular behaviors

A

developmental pathway

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11
Q

concept that various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings

A

multifinality

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12
Q

concept that similar outcomes may stem from different early experiences

A

equifinality

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13
Q

pattern of behaviors that begins during childhood and includes anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and withdrawn behavior

A

internalizing problems

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13
Q

pattern of behaviors that begins during childhood and includes anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and withdrawn behavior

A

internalizing problems

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14
Q

pattern of behaviors that begins during childhood and encompasses behaviors such as aggression and delinquent behavior

A

externalizing problems

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15
Q

being the victim of violence at school or being exposed to violent acts at home or community

A

non-accidental trauma

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16
Q

In terms of the study of child abnormal psychology, what is a developmental pathway?

a. Behaviors that are not expected to occur until the end of adolescence.
b. The time expected for specific developmental milestones to occur in childhood.
c. The sequence and timing of particular behaviors and possible relationships over time.
d. The decisions made by an individual about issues related to their own development.

A

c. The sequence and timing of particular behaviors and possible relationships over time.

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17
Q

Which of the following issues does NOT represent a topic that current research studies in abnormal child psychology seek to address?

a. Developing treatment methods that are based on personal experience and opinion
b. Identifying the causes and correlates of abnormal child behavior
c. Defining ab/normal behavior for kids of different ages, sexes, ethnic and cultural backgrounds
d. Making predictions about long-term outcomes

A

a. Developing treatment methods that are based on personal experience and opinion

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18
Q

Which subfield of Psychology is responsible for the development of evidence-based treatments for children, adolescents and families?

a. Psychodynamic perspective
b. Behaviorism
c. Cognitive Psychology
d. Humanism

A

b. Behaviorism

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19
Q

Which of the following choices BEST defines a psychological disorder?

a. A pattern of behavioral, cognitive, emotional or physical symptoms shown by an individual.
b. Behaviors including only emotional instability & difficulty concentrating, but cause emotional distress or dysfunction.
c. A pattern of behavioral symptoms that are present at least 2 days of each week
d. Random emotional outbursts that interfere with a person’s ability to function for one week

A

a. A pattern of behavioral, cognitive, emotional or physical symptoms shown by an individual.

20
Q

In study of abnormal child behavior, ability to successfully adapt in the environment is called?

a. Intelligence
b. Competence
c. Willfulness
d. Adaptation

A

b. Competence

21
Q

Which of the following domains would a psychologist assess abnormal child behavior in terms of competency?

a. All of these can be used to assess a child’s competency
b. Academic achievement
c. Conduct
d. Ability to follow rules

A

a. All of these can be used to assess a child’s competency

22
Q

In terms of the study of child abnormal psychology, what is a developmental pathway?

a. Behaviors that are not expected to occur until the end of adolescence.
b. The time expected for specific developmental milestones to occur in childhood.
c. The sequence and timing of particular behaviors and possible relationships over time.
d. The decisions made by an individual about issues related to their own development.

A

c. The sequence and timing of particular behaviors and possible relationships over time.

23
Q

Which of the following choices best describes the concept of multifinality?

a. Different factors lead to different outcomes.
b. Similar factors lead to similar outcomes.
c. Similar early experiences lead to different outcomes.
d. Different factors lead to similar outcomes.

A

c. Similar early experiences lead to different outcomes.

24
Q

Which best reflects the number of children in the U.S who live in poverty?

a. 1 in 10
b. 1 in 100
c. 1 in 20
d. 1 in 5

A

d. 1 in 5

25
Q

Which of the following represents an environmental stressor that can affect the development of a disorder?

a. All of these are environmental stressors
b. Poverty
c. Child abuse
d. Inequality

A

a. All of these are environmental stressors

26
Q

Why is it important to avoid using labels (“an autistic child”) referring to those with disorders?

a. It is not important. This is how kids with disorders should be identified.
b. They describe patterns of behavior that may occur in certain circumstances, not the people.
c. The child may stop answering to their given name and only to the name of their disorder
d. Person may be diagnosed with wrong disorder and using label could lead to incorrect treatment

A

b. They describe patterns of behavior that may occur in certain circumstances, not the people.

27
Q

Popular rap artist “Jay Z” demonstrated ____________ when he channeled his challenging childhood experiences into a drive to change his life circumstances for the better.

a. dysfunctional behavior
b. distraction
c. resilience
d. optimism

A

c. resilience

28
Q

By 2020 ____ problems will surpass all ____ diseases as major cause of disability throughout world.

a. mental health; physical
b. environmental; sexually transmitted
c. physical; psychological
d. economical; infectious

A

a. mental health; physical

29
Q

Research suggests ~____ child in ____ has a mental health problem that impairs ability to function.

a. 1; 50
b. 1; 100
c. 1; 1000
d. 1; 8

A

d. 1; 8

30
Q

Fewer than _____% of children with mental health problems receive proper services to address impairments related to personal, family, or situational factors.

a. 25
b. 10
c. 5
d. 65

A

b. 10

31
Q

With the improved diagnostic distinction among various disorders & syndromes, there has been a (an):

a. decrease in evidence-based treatments available to children/adolescents with psych disorders.
b. increase in academic policies that reduce school-based services for children & adolescents.
c. increase in earlier recognition & understanding of previously undetected problems.
d. decrease in awareness and understanding of various disorders and symptoms.

A

c. increase in earlier recognition & understanding of previously undetected problems.

32
Q

Which of the following psychological disorders is most associated with children from inner-city area who are living in poverty?

a. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
b. Major Depressive Disorder
c. Schizophrenia
d. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

d. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

33
Q

Sex differences in problem behaviors are insignificant before the age of _____ but increase with age.

a. 12
b. 3
c. 8
d. 15

A

b. 3

34
Q

Boy show higher rates of early-onset disorders that involve ______________, and girls show more ____________ disorders with a peak age of onset in adolescence.

a. mood disturbance; psychotic
b. emotional; neurodevelopmental
c. neurodevelopmental impairment; emotional
d. psychotic features; anxiety

A

c. neurodevelopmental impairment; emotional

35
Q

Very few emotional & behavioral disorders occur at different times for different racial groups. Which of the following best explains why no difference in the timing of behavioral disorders between races?

a. Specific racial groups have increase genetic immunity to certain types of psychological disorders
b. Certain race groups are more likely to experience behavioral disorders than other race groups
c. Race is a socially constructed concept, not a biological one.
d. Biological influences solely determine the onset of behavioral disorders

A

c. Race is a socially constructed concept, not a biological one.

36
Q

According to U.S Department of health and Human Services (2016), each year nearly ____ verified cases of child abuse and neglect occur in the United States, and more than ____ in Canada.

a. 150,000; 250,000
b. 1 million; 80,000
c. 80,000; 1 million
d. 2 million; 1 million

A

b. 1 million; 80,000

37
Q

Surveys by Costell et al. (2005a) and the National Institutes of Health (2016) have found that approximately one in ____ children suffers from a mental health problem significant enough to impair functioning. Of concern is that this statistic extends to toddlers and infants.

a. 20
b. 15
c. 10
d. 8

A

d. 8

38
Q

What would be a good reason for an up and coming mental health expert to focus their attention on the treatment of children’s psychological issues?

a. Insurance companies more likely to provide higher fees for services for children than for adults.
b. Insurance companies don’t pay for psych services for kids, so clinicians can charge any fee .
c. The demand for mental health services for children is expected to double over the next decade.
d. Many school systems require kids diagnosed with a variety of disorders to receive therapy in order to allow them to be enrolled in classes.

A

c. The demand for mental health services for children is expected to double over the next decade.

39
Q

Mental health issues do not affect all children equally. A child from which circumstance would be less likely to face such issues when compared with the other choices?

a. A child born with low birth weight due to maternal use of substances or inadequate diet.
b. A child who suffers from chronic stress.
c. A child who has no brothers or sisters.
d. A child from a neglectful or abusive family.

A

c. A child who has no brothers or sisters.

40
Q

Broad range of disorders appear early in development & lead to range of impairments in personal, social, academic functioning. Deficits are often chronic & affect kid’s ability to learn or perform: intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, communication & learning disorders, & attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

A

Neurodevelopmental disorders.

41
Q

These conditions typically emerge in mid- to late childhood & adolescence. Include disruptive & conduct disorders (sometimes referred to as externalizing problems because they involve conflicts with environment), mood & anxiety disorders (sometimes referred to as internalizing problems because they involve conflicts within child less visible to others), & trauma-and stressor-related disorders.

A

Behavioral and emotional disorders.

42
Q

Allows us to make educated guesses and predictions about behavior that are based on existing knowledge, and it allows us to explore these possible explanations empirically.

A

Theory

43
Q

2 pronged central theme of Developmental Psychology

A

Importance of considering multiple, interactive causes for abnormal behavior, in conjunction with the major developmental changes that typically occur in childhood.

44
Q

3 underlying assumptions about abnormal development.

A
  • It is multiply determined
  • child and the environment are interdependent
  • involves continuities and discontinuities of behavior patterns over time.
45
Q

Variables that are associated at a particular point in time with no clear proof that one precedes the other.

A

Correlates

46
Q

These influence the occurrence of behavior or affect a disorder of interest (directly or indirectly through other variables).

A

Other Variables

47
Q

Diagnosis of a particular disorder in childhood remains unchanged until adulthood (such as a phobia). Stable over time.

A

Homotypic Continuity

48
Q

A change in diagnosis occurs from childhood to adulthood. There is continuity of psychopathology but the symptoms change over time (ADHD ➞ conduct disorder ➞ adult depression).

A

Heterotypic Continuity.

Developmental Psych (7 decks)

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