CH 6. Autism Spectrum Disorder

Question 1

a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormalities in social communication and unusual behaviors and interests.

Answer 1

Autism, or autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 2

A DSM-5 neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant and persistent deficits in social communication and interaction skills and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities.

Answer 2

Autism

Question 3

A characteristic of children with autism spectrum disorder who show an anxious and obsessive insistence on the maintenance of sameness that no one but the child may disrupt. Changes in daily routine, arrangement of objects, or the wording of requests, or the sight of anything broken or incomplete will produce tantrums or despair.

Answer 3

preservation of sameness

Question 4

A DSM-5 neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant and persistent deficits in social communication and interaction skills and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities.

Answer 4

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 5

A disorder whose symptoms, abilities, and characteristics are expressed in many different combinations and in any degree of severity.

Answer 5

spectrum disorder

Question 6

The ability to coordinate one’s focus of attention on another person and an object of mutual interest.

Answer 6

joint attention

Question 7

The repetition of personal pronouns exactly as heard, without changing them according to the person being referred to. For example, if asked “Are you hungry?” one might reply, “You are hungry,” rather than, “I am hungry.”

Answer 7

pronoun reversal

Question 8

Behaviors that are characterized by their high frequency, repetition in a fixed manner, and desire for sameness in the environment.

Answer 8

Restricted and repetitive behaviors

Question 9

The aspect of language that focuses on its appropriate use in social and communicative contexts.

Answer 9

pragmatics

Question 10

The cognition and understanding of mental states that cannot be observed directly, such as beliefs and desires, both in one’s self and in others. Also referred to as mentalization.

Answer 10

theory of mind (ToM)

Question 11

A child’s immediate or delayed parrot-like repetition of words or word combinations.

Answer 11

echolalia

Question 12

Repetitive body movements or movements of objects, such as hand flapping or spinning a pencil.

Answer 12

Self-stimulatory behaviors

Question 13

The strong tendency of humans to interpret stimuli in a relatively global way that takes the broader context into account.

Answer 13

central coherence

Question 14

A method of teaching readiness skills or other desired behaviors that involves a step-by-step approach of presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response.

Answer 14

discrete trial training

Question 15

Awareness of other people’s and one’s own mental states. Also referred to as theory of mind.

Answer 15

mentalization

Question 16

A strategy used to help children use language more appropriately. It involves a step-by-step approach that successively increases the child’s vocalizations; teaches the child to imitate sounds and words; teaches the meanings of words; and teaches the child to use language expressively to label objects, make verbal requests, and express desires. This training is often employed for children with autism.

Answer 16

Operant speech training

Question 17

A method of teaching readiness skills or other desired behaviors that works to strengthen the behavior by capitalizing on naturally occurring opportunities.

Answer 17

incidental training

Question 18

Disturbances in thinking involving disordered thought content and strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality.

Answer 18

Delusions

Question 19

A form of schizophrenia spectrum disorder that involves characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior.

Answer 19

Schizophrenia

Question 20

Disturbances in perception in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed even though they are not real or present.

Answer 20

Hallucinations

Question 21

A rare and possibly more severe form of schizophrenia that has an onset prior to age 18 and worse long-term outcomes.

Answer 21

childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS)

Question 22

A model in which a genetic vulnerability and early neurodevelopmental insults result in impaired connections between many brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, white matter, hippocampus, cerebellum, and parts of the limbic system. This defective neural circuitry creates a vulnerability to dysfunction that is revealed by developmental processes and events during puberty (e.g., synaptic and hormonal changes) and by exposure to stress. The neurodevelopmental model is consistent with findings that infants and children who later develop schizophrenia often display developmental impairments in motor, language, cognitive, and social functioning well before the onset of their psychotic symptoms.

Answer 22

neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia

Question 23

A measure of interpersonal attentional and thought disturbance observed in families of children with schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder. Children from families with high communication deviance show the most severe impairment and the poorest attentional functioning.

Answer 23

communication deviance

Question 24

1. Parent perceives signals from child
2. Parent understands the signal meaning and what it means for child’s internal state.
3. Parents responds in timely manner

Answer 24

Continent Communication

Question 25

Contingent Communication

Answer 25

1. Parent perceives signals from child
2. Parent understands the signal meaning and what it means for child’s internal state.
3. Parents responds in timely manner