Renaissance Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define feudalism.

A

The social-economic-political system in Medieval Europe in which there were very rigid classes of power and authority. Lords held serfs.

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2
Q

Define hierarchy.

A

A system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.

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3
Q

Define allegiance.

A

Loyalty or commitment of a subordinate to a superior or of an individual to a group or cause.

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4
Q

Define manors.

A

A unit of land, originally a feudal lordship, consisting of a lord’s demesne and lands rented to tenants. Land owned by a lord during the Feudal System.

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5
Q

Define noble.

A

Belonging to a class of high social or political status.

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6
Q

Define freemen.

A

A person who is not a serf, but also not a knight or higher. Example: bakers on lord’s land.

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7
Q

Define serfs.

A

An agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord’s estate.

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8
Q

Define monastery.

A

A building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows.

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9
Q

Define journeymen.

A

A trained worker who is employed by someone else.

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10
Q

Define sumptuary laws.

A

Laws that limit private expenditure on food and personal items.

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11
Q

What century did the Renaissance occur?

A

Mid-14th century to the 17th century.

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12
Q

What century did the Medieval Ages occur?

A

From the 4th century to the 14th century.

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13
Q

What time span is referred to as the Renaissance?

A

1350-1600.

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14
Q

Why was it called Middle Ages?

A

Because it is in the “middle” or between two major historical times in Europe.

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15
Q

What two major historical times in Europe came before and after the Middle Ages?

A

The Byzantine Empire and the Renaissance.

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16
Q

What religious worldview did Christian Europeans share?

A

That God was the center of all things.

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17
Q

What was the poor’s worldview on Christianity?

A

They were to accept a harsh, short life on Earth. They believed that if they suffered, they would be rewarded after death by going to heaven.

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18
Q

What was the wealthy’s worldview on Christianity?

A

They looked at the afterlife, and donated money and property to the church, hoping that God would reward them with heaven. They believed this would make up for their bad deeds.

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19
Q

What were the wealthy’s religious beliefs communicated in? (2)

A
  1. Art.

2. Architecture.

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20
Q

Who did most artists and European thinkers work for during the Middle Ages?

A

The Church.

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21
Q

How were the Church’s ideas about the World or the way people should act seen during the Middle Ages?

A

The only right; rarely did anyone disagree. No one questioned the importance of religion.

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22
Q

What were Church officials seen as during the Middle Ages?

A

As God’s chosen people.

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23
Q

Where did the Pope live?

A

In a very wealthy state called Rome.

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24
Q

Who did the Pope have an influence on during the Middle Ages?

A

He had a major influence on kings and their kingdoms and especially on people’s beliefs and actions.

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25
Q

Who were there power struggles between during the Middle Ages?

A

The pope and royal kingdoms.

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26
Q

What is a feudal system also known as?

A

A hierarchy.

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27
Q

How was society organized during the Middle Ages?

A

As a feudal system.

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28
Q

Define the feudal system.

A

A political-economic-social system of landholding. Class structure and roles were very rigid.

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29
Q

Define diplomacy.

A

The skill or tact in handling negotiations, especially in government.

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30
Q

Define alliance.

A

A formal agreement to cooperate.

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31
Q

Define hierarchical.

A

Based on classes of status/authority ranked one above the other.

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32
Q

What were the classes in the feudal system?

A

Monarch, Upper Class, Middle Class, Poor Class.

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33
Q

Who was part of the Monarch’s class in the feudal system? (2)

A
  1. King.

2. Queen.

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34
Q

Who was part of the Upper Class in the feudal system? (3) What was their role in society?

A
  1. Higher clergy.
  2. Priests.
  3. Higher or powerful nobles.

The higher priests and clergy often owned land and serfs. They had power just above that of the powerful nobles.

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35
Q

Who was part of the Middle Class in the feudal system? (3) What was their role in society?

A
  1. Knights.
  2. Lower clergy.
  3. Lesser nobles.

Knights, lesser nobles, and lower clergy were after the powerful nobles.

36
Q

Who was part of the Poor Class in the feudal system? (2)

What was their role in society?

A
  1. Peasants.
  2. Serfs.

The serfs made up the majority of the population (90%) but had the least power.

37
Q

Could you change the social class you were born into in the Middle Ages?

A

No. Society was largely divided between the rich and the poor; a person could not change from the social class they were born into.

38
Q

What promises did the nobles make to the monarch? (3)

A
  1. To provide the monarch with soldiers in times of war.
  2. To provide the monarch with supplies in times of war.
  3. To support the monarch through taxes.
39
Q

What did the nobles do with their land?

A

They subdivided their lands to lesser nobles or knights.

40
Q

What did the serfs/peasants have to do? (3)

A

They were the property of their lords.

  1. Worked the land for them.
  2. Had to give part of their crops and other products to the nobles, who, in turn, sent much of it to the king and queen.
  3. Served as soldiers in times of war and in return, the nobles offered them protection from invaders.
41
Q

Where did servants who worked in the castle live?

A

Servants who worked in the castle also lived in the castle.

42
Q

What were the jobs of the servants who worked in the castle? (3)

A
  1. Cooking.
  2. Cleaning.
  3. Making weapons.
43
Q

Where did servants who worked the fields live?

A

Servants who worked on the fields lived in huts outside the castle walls.

44
Q

What happened to serfs’ children?

A

The identities of the serfs were tied to their lord. Serfs’ children automatically were serfs at birth.

45
Q

What happened in 1337?

A

The peasants revolted.

46
Q

What year did the peasants revolt?

A

1337.

47
Q

When the peasants revolted, war broke out between…

A

France and England.

48
Q

How long did the 100 Year’s War last?

A

Over a century; 100 years.

49
Q

Why did the peasants revolt?

A

They had to pay high rent and taxes to help fund this war.

50
Q

What happened when both France and England put down the peasants’ revolts?

A

They continued to murder nobles and burn down estates.

51
Q

Was the revolt of the peasants successful?

A

No. Eventually, the peasants were subdued but their unrest was unresolved.

52
Q

What was a Medieval town like? (4)

A
  1. Centers for farm communities.
  2. Grew up close to a castle, palace, or monastery.
  3. Surrounded by large stone walls for protection.
  4. Local goods, as well as goods brought in from other countries, were available in shops in the town.
53
Q

The Medieval towns were usually… (3)

A
  1. Crowded.
  2. Dirty.
  3. Rat-infested.
54
Q

The Medieval towns offered… (3)

A
  1. Freedom.
  2. Safety.
  3. New opportunities.
55
Q

What era was 300BC?

A

Roman Empire (the era before the Byzantine years).

56
Q

What did the Roman Empire do in 300BC?

A

The Roman Empire extended into what is now the Middle East.

57
Q

What did people in western Europe do?

A

Welcomed exotic goods from far as far away countries as China and Japan.

58
Q

Movement of goods went… (2)

A
  1. East.

2. West.

59
Q

What rare goods were part of the Silk Road? (4)

A
  1. Silks.
  2. Glassware.
  3. Paper.
  4. Spices.
60
Q

How did you travel the Silk Road? (2)

A
  1. On foot.

2. By caravan.

61
Q

What things moved along the Silk Road besides goods? (6)

A
  1. Inventions.
  2. Ideas.
  3. Art.
  4. Fabrics.
  5. Knowledge.
  6. Disease.
62
Q

Were all things that moved along the Silk Road good?

A

No. So did disease.

63
Q

During what time did the Black Death hit?

A

From 1346-1350.

64
Q

How many Europeans died from the Black Death?

A

Millions of Europeans.

65
Q

Where did Black Death originate from?

A

The plague was caused by fleas found on rats that were being imported from other countries.

66
Q

What was another name for the Black Death?

A

Bubonic Plague.

67
Q

What happened as a result of the Bubonic Plague with regards to the peasants?

A

There were many labor shortages on manor estates since so many peasants were dying. Subsequently, the estates became bankrupt. Because there was no one to work the land, instead of peasants working on nobles’ land for nothing, nobles began to rent out their land; peasants were now able to sell their products and make money.

68
Q

Who did the Bubonic Plague affect most?

A

The peasants; had dirty living conditions, which made it a lot easier for the plague to spread.

69
Q

What happened to create wealth in society during the Black Death outbreak? (3)

A
  1. It was getting easier for people to get rich during this time and the peasants had the opportunity to move up from one social level to the next.
  2. Those that acquired a lot of wealth began to show off their money by the clothing they wore; clothes became more extravagant with new and exotic materials from all over the world.
  3. People began to collect wealth, they became materialistic and were able to afford a better lifestyle.
70
Q

What price was there to growing wealth in society during the Black Death outbreak?

A

In order to afford all these luxuries, you now had to commit your time to make money. So time is money and money is time.

71
Q

Where were there sumptuary laws during the Black Death outbreak?

A

In most European countries.

72
Q

What did peasants rely on the Church for?

A

Guidance.

73
Q

What did the peasants do for the Church?

A

They would pour their money as well as their labour into the construction of new churches.

74
Q

What did deeply religious people do during the Black Death outbreak? (7)

A

They joined a religious order and devoted their entire lives to God. They…

  1. Studied religious texts.
  2. Prayed.
  3. Worked.
  4. Prepared foods for their order.
  5. Taught children.
  6. Cared for the sick and poor.
  7. Fed the hungry.
75
Q

What did some monasteries turn into after Bubonic Plague hit?

A

Universities.

76
Q

How did monasteries turn into universities?

A

Monks and nuns were well educated; some monasteries became great centres for learning, which in turn became universities.

77
Q

Provide an example that demonstrates how many churches were built in Europe.

A

Between 900 and 1000 AD, more than 1500 churches were built in Europe.

78
Q

Why did the Black Death make some people question their faith?

A

People felt that God had abandoned them because even though they prayed and attended church, people were still dying.

79
Q

How come attitudes towards the clergy began to change?

A

The Clergy had started to live more lavish lifestyles from tithes paid to the Church.

80
Q

Define tithe.

A

Church taxes paid by parishioners.

81
Q

Define parishioner.

A

An inhabitant of a parish, especially one who belongs to or attends a particular church.

82
Q

What happened at the beginning of the 1300s?

A

Europe was still very much a society of the Middle Ages, but a change was slowly beginning to occur.

83
Q

When did the change (Renaissance) begin to occur?

A

At the beginning of the 1300s.

84
Q

Which state was changing most rapidly by the end of the 1300s?

A

Italy. More exactly, in the cities of the Italian peninsula in southern Europe.

85
Q

What were the early factors of the Renaissance beginning? (2)

A
  1. Bubonic Plague.

2. Contact with other cultures was increasing because of the Silk Road; the exchange of ideas was creating change.

86
Q

What contributed to the changing worldview and wealth of Italy? (5)

A

Developments in…

  1. Literature.
  2. Painting.
  3. Sculpture.
  4. Architecture.
  5. Education.