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Social Studies 8 > Renaissance Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Renaissance Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Francesco Petrarca’s nickname?

A

Petrarch.

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2
Q

What is Petrarch’s full name?

A

Francesco Petrarca.

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3
Q

When and where was Petrarch born?

A

In 1304 near Florence.

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4
Q

Who is known as the first great humanist?

A

Petrarch.

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5
Q

What did Petrarch believe? (3)

A
  1. Artists, writers, and scholars should use the ancient classical Greek and Roman texts to improve their work.
  2. Truly educated people read books, travelled widely and surrounded themselves with beautiful art.
  3. It is possible to believe in God and at the same time believe that there is value in life on Earth.
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6
Q

What religion was Petrarch?

A

He was a Christian.

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7
Q

What did the Scientific Method do?

A

This new method of investigation encouraged people during the Renaissance to question and experiment.

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8
Q

Which areas were advanced in thanks to the Scientific Method? (3)

A
  1. Astronomy.
  2. Medicine.
  3. Mathematics.
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9
Q

What are the steps of the Scientific Method? (7)

A
  1. Identify the problem or question.
  2. Gather information on the problem.
  3. Form a hypothesis or educated guess.
  4. Experiment to test the hypothesis.
  5. Read and analyze data.
  6. State a conclusion.
  7. Repeat the steps.
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10
Q

Which theory changed with regard to astronomy during the Renaissance? Who proved this?

A

Early theories of astronomy placed the Earth at the center of the universe. Galileo Galilei presented new theories that said that actually, the sun was at the center of the universe. He threatened the worldview of his time and permanently changed the way we look at the universe.

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11
Q

What did Leonardo da Vinci do for a living?

A

He dissected bodies and made drawings of what he saw.

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12
Q

Who was François Rabelais?

A

A French humanist scholar and physician.

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13
Q

What did Rabelais do for a living?

A

He published translations of works on medicine by Greek thinkers: Hippocrates and Galen. He also wrote comic novels, which were read throughout Europe.

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14
Q

What were the four pillars of traditional First Nation’s attitudes towards healing? (4)

A
  1. Rely on the wisdom of the elders.
  2. Use the medicinal power of plants.
  3. Focus on the spiritual, emotional, and physical self.
  4. Medicine women/men help to establish harmony between people and nature.
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15
Q

Which law changed during the Renaissance?

A

Dissection was made legal for the purpose of study.

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16
Q

What was an important aspect of Europe’s changing economy?

A

Mathematics.

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17
Q

What increased during the Renaissance? (2)

A
  1. Trade.

2. Commerce.

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18
Q

Who did mathematics become essential to and what for?

A

Mathematics became important to members of the merchant class who had a lot to do with trade and commerce.

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19
Q

What were the key concepts achieved in mathematics? (3)

A
  1. Concept of zero.
  2. Decimal system.
  3. Perspective (such as 3D).
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20
Q

Who was mathematics used by? (5)

A
  1. Painters.
  2. Sculptors.
  3. Engineers.
  4. Architects.
  5. Musicians.
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21
Q

Who was the first lady of the world?

A

Isabelle D’Este.

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22
Q

Who was Isabelle D’Este known as?

A

The first lady of the world.

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23
Q

How old was Isabelle D’Este when she got married?

A

She was 16.

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24
Q

Who did Isabelle D’Este marry?

A

The Duke of Mantua.

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25
Q

What did the D’Este’s court become the centre of learning of? (3)

A
  1. Learning.
  2. Music.
  3. Visual arts.
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26
Q

What was Isabelle D’Este admired for?

A

Her brilliant mind.

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27
Q

What did Isabelle D’Este do occupationally?

A

She enjoyed political life (her husband was often away at war) and she became a strong effective leader.

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28
Q

Who wrote “The Prince”?

A

Machiavelli.

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29
Q

Who wrote “Hippocrates” and “Galen”?

A

Francois Rabelais.

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30
Q

What did Machiavelli think?

A

That the end justifies the means. He was an observer of people and governments. His observations led him to new ways of thinking about leadership and power. He concluded his new ways of thinking in a book titled “The Prince”. In this book, he spoke about the best way to govern people.

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31
Q

What was the most powerful institution in Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?

A

The Catholic Church.

32
Q

Was the Church responsible for more than the religious well-being of people?

A

Yes. Some considered the Church to be natural leaders in all of society. Political, business, as well as religious.

33
Q

How did some people of the Church behave inappropriately?

A

They took advantage of their authority to gain power and money for themselves and their families. They did not keep their vow of poverty and spent the Churches money on themselves.

34
Q

How did some bishops and cardinals reach authority?

A

They bought their titles.

35
Q

Who was Martin Luther?

A

A German Monk.

36
Q

What did Martin Luther believe?

A

He came to the conclusion that the Bible, rather than the Church, should be a Christian’s true spiritual guide.

37
Q

What was Luther upset about?

A

The Church and its corruption. In particular with indulgences that were being sold.

38
Q

What did Luther do in 1517?

A

He nailed his “Ninety-Five Thesis” criticizing the selling of indulgences on the Church door in Wittenberg, Germany.

39
Q

When did Luther present his Ninety-Five Thesis?

A

In 1517.

40
Q

Where did Luther present his Ninety-Five Thesis?

A

In Wittenberg, Germany.

41
Q

What was the Protestant Reformation?

A

The result of Luther’s Ninety-Five Thesis. People who supported or agreed with Martin Luther separated and became known as the “Protestants”. Protestants protested against the church’s refusal to allow “reform” and eventually achieve a “Reformation”.

42
Q

What was the Catholic Counter-Reformation?

A

A time period when the Church cleaned up corruption.

43
Q

What was the Society of Jesus?

A

Also known as Jesuits. They were a religious order that focused on converting people to Catholicism. They were very active in the early days of European settlement in Canada. They were often called “Black Robes” because of the clothes they wore.

44
Q

How and where did the Renaissance begin?

A

The Renaissance began in Italy and eventually spread throughout France, Spain, and Portugal as well as northern Europe. At the beginning of the Renaissance, knowledge was spread primarily by word of mouth.

45
Q

What was the Platonic Academy and who established it?

A

The Platonic Academy was a place where humanist thinkers gathered to discuss Greek ideas. It was established by the Medici family.

46
Q

What did the Medici found (besides the Platonic Academy)?

A

One of the greatest libraries of the time. The books, manuscripts, and documents it contained were a valuable resource for scholars from all over Europe.

47
Q

What role did universities play during the Renaissance?

A

People came from all over Europe to attend Italian universities. After attending university, students went back to their own cities to share their learning.

48
Q

What role did royal courts play during the Renaissance?

A

Kings and Queens were eager to attract scholars and writers to their courts.

49
Q

Which court became a center of learning?

A

The court of King Francois I of France.

50
Q

What did King Francois I do?

A

He collected manuscripts, Renaissance art, and sculptures.

51
Q

Who did King Francois I often invite to his court?

A

Leonardo da Vinci.

52
Q

What year was the Printing Press created?

A

Around 1450.

53
Q

Who created the Printing Press?

A

Johannes Gutenberg.

54
Q

What was Johannes Gutenberg?

A

German.

55
Q

What was the Printing Press?

A

An invention that allowed books to be produced quickly and cheaply.

56
Q

What was printing books like before the Printing Press?

A

The books were very expensive. All books were hand-written by Scribes on parchment made from animal skins.

57
Q

What were the three consequences of the Printing Press?

A

SPREAD OF KNOWLEDGE.

  1. Now that books were cheaper and more accessible, middle-class people began to read, discuss, and eventually write about the exciting ideas of their time.
  2. Instead of printing books only in Latin, more books, including translations of the Bible, were printed in the vernacular.
  3. Thinkers like Erasmus made money from the books they wrote. This gave them the freedom to travel to many cities and universities, spreading their ideas.
58
Q

Does the Printing Press still have an effect on us today?

A

Yes. The Printing Press continues to play a significant role in the way our society records and disseminates (spreads) information.

59
Q

Who was Erasmus?

A

An author who made money from the books he wrote.

60
Q

Which discoveries did Nicolaus Copernicus make?

A

The Earth is a planet that moves around a stationary.

61
Q

How did Nicolaus Copernicus make his discoveries?

A

He took inspiration from ancient Greek astronomers; their ideas weren’t welcome at the time.

62
Q

When was Nicolaus Copernicus’ death year and birth year?

A

1473-1543.

63
Q

What discoveries did Johannes Kepler make?

A

Concluded that planets travelled in an elliptical (oval) orbit, not perfect circles as Copernicus had believed.

64
Q

How did Johannes Kepler make his discoveries?

A

Tried to combine Ptolemy’s and Copernicus’ systems. Spent 20 years using mathematics to test and prove his ideas.

65
Q

When was Johannes Kepler’s death year and birth year?

A

1571-1630.

66
Q

What discoveries did Galileo Galilei make?

A

Through observation confirmed Copernicus’ ideas of a sun-centered universe. (The Helocentric Theory). Saw sun spots, craters, and mountains on the moon, the stars of the Milky Way, and Jupiter’s moons.

67
Q

How did Galileo Galilei make his discoveries?

A

Built telescopes and studied objects in the sky.

68
Q

When was Galileo Galilei’s death year and birth year?

A

1564-1642.

69
Q

Define heresy.

A

Opposing the Church teaching.

70
Q

Define secular.

A

Concerned with non-religious subjects.

71
Q

Define anatomy.

A

The type of science that deals with the structures of animals and plants.

72
Q

Define astrology.

A

The science of the stars.

73
Q

Define allegory.

A

A work in which the characters and events are meant to be understood as representing other things and symbolically expressing a deeper moral or political meaning.

74
Q

Define ex-communication.

A

Official exclusion from the Catholic Church.

75
Q

Define indulgences.

A

Certificates that reduce the time people would be punished for their sins after death.

76
Q

Define disseminates.

A

To spread information.

77
Q

Define scribe.

A

A person who copied books.

Social Studies 8 (14 decks)

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