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L3 Plant Sciences > Week 13 L4: Plant Reproduction - ABCE Model > Flashcards

Week 13 L4: Plant Reproduction - ABCE Model Flashcards

1
Q

What combination of genes make a sepal?

A

A

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2
Q

What combination of genes makes a petal?

A

A+B

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3
Q

What does genes B+C make?

A

stamen

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4
Q

What does gene C make?

A

Carpel

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5
Q

Where are the genes encoding key TF found?

A

floral meristem

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6
Q

What encodes the TF needed for specificity of floral organs?

A

ABC (+E model)

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7
Q

What are the MADS box genes?

A

once activated by TF (encoded by ABCE genes) it creates a specific plant organ

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8
Q

What is the arrangement of MADS box genes and CArG for floral development?

A

The MADS box genes encode TF factors which bind to DNA at a specific transcription activation site.

Depending on the combination of MADS TF to a specific CArG will initiate a specific transcription to a plant organ

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9
Q

What gene is needed in each quartet model for organ formation?

A 
E genes (sepalata genes) 
SEP
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10
Q

What is CArG?

A

The DNA motif bound by MADS box proteins

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11
Q

What does the quartet model only apply to?

A

highly derived eudicots like arabidopsis

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12
Q

What creates variation in plants flower formation?

A

Differences in MADS box genes and where they are expressed may explain in part of how flowers evolved and diversified.

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13
Q

How do MADs box genes interact with one another?

A

via MADs box proteins

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14
Q

What binds to MADs box genes in plants?

A

The genes which contain this motif are called the MADS-box gene family. … The MADS domain binds to DNA sequences of high similarity to the motif CC[A/T]6GG termed the CArG-box.

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15
Q

What do the MADs box genes create?

A

TF

AP1, AP3, PI, AG & SEP

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16
Q

What do the MADs box proteins bind to?

A

CArG-box of TARGET dna

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17
Q

What part of the MADs box TF bind to the CArG-box motif?

A

MADs domain on the protein

DNA binding CArG box

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18
Q

What is the quartet model?

A

A combination of 4 MADs box genes biding to CArG seq

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19
Q

What combination of quartet model TF interact to make carpels?

A

AG (C) + sep

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20
Q

What CArG does the AG/SEP TF interact with?

A

CArG1

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21
Q

What combination of quartet model TF makes a stamen?

A

SEP/AG

PI/AP3

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22
Q

What CArG gene does PI/AP3 bind to?

A

CArG2

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23
Q

What combination of TF makes a petal?

A

AP1/SEP

PI/AP3

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24
Q

What CArG gene does AP1/SEP bind to?

A

CArG3

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25
Q

What combination of TF makes a sepal?

A

AP1 and SEP

26
Q

What are the 3 different combinations of TF pairs?

A

AG/SEP - CARG1
PI/AP3 - CARG2
AP1/SEP - CARG3

27
Q

How many MADs do proteins to MADs box gens have?

A

some have nearly 100 diff MADS proteins

28
Q

What plant types have the ABCE model?

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

29
Q

What is a basal angiosperm?

A

sporophyte dominant

enclosed gametophyte

30
Q

What is the most basal angiosperm?

A

amborella

31
Q

Is a amborella have both male and female plants?

A

YES

32
Q

What is a special feature of a female amborella?

A

it has a staminode

and tepal

33
Q

What is a staminode?

A

it looks like a stamen but is actually not

It’s a female flower.

Thus it can attract pollinators as the stamen produces pollen. It tricks the insect to giving the plant pollen by what is on it bod

34
Q

What is a tepal?

A

not quite a petal not quite a sepal

35
Q

What kind of structure is the tepal?

A

Sterile

perianth structure

36
Q

What is a perianth structure?

A

non-reproductive (accessory, sterile) part of the flower, consisting of floral leaves surrounding the androecium and gynoecium. It is differentiated into outer and inner whorls.

37
Q

What does sterile mean?

A

unable to produce viable offspring

38
Q

What can change in the ABC model to produce petal-like sepals in the basal eudicot - clematis integrifolia?

A

limiting the location of B gene expression can result in plants with no true petals.

The model predicts that the B gene would be reduced so that it never overlaps with A

Resulting in 2 whorls with sepals due to B gene under-expression.

39
Q

What would A with no B result in?

A

two whorls with sepals

40
Q

What would the over-expression of B gene result in?

A

Many petals

41
Q

What is a feature of the Clematis integrifolia species?

A

petal-like sepals

NO trie petals

42
Q

What is a feature of C. chiisanensis?

A 
separate whorls of pateloid sepals and true petals.
over-expression of B class genes
43
Q

How do we know that the b class gene is overepressed in Clc clematis?

A

The APIII IN Clc is highly expressed on assay and the AP3 is absent in the Cli plant

44
Q

What ABC model does a tulip have?

A

Over expression of B gene forming tepals

45
Q

What is the feature of tulips and their gene expression?

A

A genes are only expressed with B genes, resulting in 2 whorls of petal-like organs

46
Q

What whorls are B gnes expressed in in tulips?

A

outer and inner tepal (whorls 1&2) as wells as the stamen (whorl 3

47
Q

What is the ‘Fading borders’ model?

A

In contrast, in the fading borders model, the borders between A, B, and C functions are blurred to produce a gradual transition of organ identity programs across the floral meristem. Hence, floral organs are influenced by “ABc,” “aBC,” and “abC” activities, where lowercase font indicates lower functional influence.

48
Q

What is the blurred boundaries of the genes in the ABC model known as?

A

fading borders model

49
Q

What would A(faded)Bc create?

A

sepaloid tepal

50
Q

What does the ABCE model only apply to?

A

highly derived eudicots like arabidopsis

51
Q

What are the MADs box gene expression in the gymnosperm (conifer) between male and female cones?

A

F : C

M : B+C

52
Q

How is the presence of a common ancestor thought by the gymnosperm and angiosperm? EVO

A

the cone and flowers respectively are both formed by the interaction of B and C function genes, implying presence in common ancestor

53
Q

What is the ‘out of female’ hypothesis? EVO

A

B function genes became expressed to generate stamen-like structures from carpel-like organs (male derived form female) - not clear

54
Q

What are the A and E genes called/function? EVO

A

act as meristem identifiers - make the reproductive structure more recognisable as a “flower” to us

55
Q

What type fo plant only truly differentiate petals and sepals?

A

only higher eudicots e.g. arabidopsis

56
Q

What level of plant shows varying degrees of differentiation and what structures do they create?

A

lower eudicots
monocots
basal angiosperm

Differentiation of petaloid and sepaloid organs from leaf-like structures

57
Q

what are the petal-like structures in grasses?

A

lodicule

58
Q

What is an example of a grass?

A

rice flowers

59
Q

How does grass pollinate?

A

wind

60
Q

What is the importance of lodicule swelling in rice?

A

Important in agronomics

potential for outcrossing

61
Q

What is the effects in pollen exchange due to loss of lodicule swelling?

A

fewer pollen grains exchange since florets do not open.

L3 Plant Sciences (17 decks)

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