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L3 Plant Sciences > Week15 L3: Plant-Microbe Interactions - NITROGEN > Flashcards

Week15 L3: Plant-Microbe Interactions - NITROGEN Flashcards

1
Q

Why are minerals to important?

A

Make up enzymes, biological membranes, amino acids, protein, enzymes and co-enzymes.
Part of the biological processes in the plant to complete its lifestyle.

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2
Q

What is the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients? (2 divisions of nutrients)

A

macronutrients need a higher conc of, more likely to be deficient due to their larger amount.

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3
Q

What does photodeficiecy harm in plants?

A

plants will not be able to photosynthesise

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4
Q

How can farmers see what their pant is deficient in?

A

leaf discolouring

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5
Q

What is the major limiting nutrient in crop production?

A

nitrogen

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6
Q

What form of N can plants uptake?

A

N2 to nitrate and ammonium

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7
Q

What is the conversion of di-nitrogen to a form plants can uptake?

A

nitrogen fixation

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8
Q

What is the process of making synthetic nitrogen fertilisers?

A

industrial fixation

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9
Q

How much of the population rely on industrial fixation of nitrogen? (synthetic nitrogen)

A

50%

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10
Q

What are the issues with nitrogen fertilisation?

A

cost
major pollutants (nitrous oxide)
algal bloom

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11
Q

What are the problems when synthetic fertiliser is added to crops? and example of where?

A

algal bloom
leek into water and algae will grow exponentially to cover the water (pond) green, contamination.
run-off into gulf of Mexico.

Overuse can harm the environment. fertilizer application produced greenhouse gases e.g. nitrous oxide and pollutes waterways.

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12
Q

How many molecules does biological nitrogen fixation process? Biological nitrogen fixation.

A

per 1 molecule of atmospheric nitrogen it requires 16ATP to fix… very costly

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13
Q

What is the enzyme involved in atmospheric nitrogen conversion?

A

nitrogenase

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14
Q

What is BNF?

A

biological nitrogen fixation

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15
Q

What is plant symbiosis?

A

describing any relationship or interaction between two dissimilar organisms.

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16
Q

What are the rhizobia?

A

soil bacteria which colonise the root of plants. in symbiosis with legumes

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17
Q

Can legumes recognise any symbionts?

A

NO, they are very specific

18
Q

Can legumes recognise any symbionts?

A

NO, they are very specific
Almost a 1:1 RATIO

Specific legume hosts recognise specific symbionts through their node factors

19
Q

What are the 2 types of nodules involved in nitrogen fixation?

A

determinate andindeterminate

20
Q

What organ does a plant need to carry for biological nitrogen fixation?

A

Node

21
Q

What is Nitrogen fixation?

A

the chemical processes by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle.

22
Q

Can the function of a given plant nutrient be be replaced by another?

A

NO

23
Q

What are the non-mineral nutrients?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

24
Q

What does lack of phosphate look like in a plant?

A

purple discolouration

discoloured areas wont photosynthesise

25
Q

What an example of a greenhouse gas which fertilizer application produces?

A

nitrous oxide

26
Q

What is an alternative to industrial nitrogen fixation?

A

biological fixation

27
Q

What is biological fixation?

A

Several soil Archaea
and Bacteria can fix
di-nitrogen as ‘free-living’ organisms or in symbiosis with plants and fungi

28
Q

Why would organisms carry out biological nitrogen fixation?

A

Something or someone providing them with a source of energy. Otherwise its just a metabolic burden.

They would likely be outcompeted by competitors.

29
Q

What is plant-nitrogen fixing microbes symbiosis?

A

mutually beneficial arrangement

30
Q

How is the plant-nitrogen fixing microbes mutually beneficial? Called Root nodule symbiosis

A

Trading reduced molecules

The plant provides organic carbon derived from
photosynthesis, and the bacteria provide fixed nitrogen.
Most rhizobia cannot fix nitrogen except in nodules

31
Q

What is the specific plant-microbe interaction?

A

rhizobia and legumes

32
Q

What are the bacteria which fix nitrogen?

A

rhizobia

33
Q

What source of nutrients do we get from legumes?

A

major source of protein

34
Q

What are the 4 steps in the formation of the root nodule?

Step1

A
  1. Communication: flavonoid (plant) attracts a specific rhizobia. The nod factors (rhizobia) recognise this signal and identify them as appropriate symbionts.

When the rhizobia binds to the specific receptors of the legume, it decides of this is the compatible bacteria.

The nodulation process starts.

Specific legume hosts recognise specific symbionts through their node factors

35
Q

What are the 4 steps in the formation of the root nodule?

Step2

A

Nod factor perception induces root hair curling.
The root hairs trap the rhizobia present in soil.

Leads to the formation of the process relating to the nod.

36
Q

What are the 4 steps in the formation of the root nodule?

Step3

A

Infection thread growth

Rhizobia must get from the root surface to the inner root tissue where they will populate cells in the incipient nodule. To do this, they grow and divide inside a tubule called an infection thread (the tubule is plant derived and “filled” with bacteria).

37
Q

What are the 4 steps in the formation of the root nodule?

Step4

A

Nodule growth development

  • Legume nodules form from cell divisions in the root cortex
  • Rhizobia transform from rod-shaped bacteria into Y-shaped bacteroids
  • Within the nodule, bacteroids are surrounded by a specialised membrane called symbiosome
38
Q

What are the2 fates of the nodule?

A

Determinate and indeterminate

39
Q

What are determinate nodules?

A

more homogeneous and

lose the apical meristem

40
Q

What are indeterminate nodules?

A 
They keep growing 
retain a nodule meristem 
that is the site of cell 
proliferation, and have 
zones of different activities

L3 Plant Sciences (17 decks)

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