New Genetic Variation (W2-L2) Flashcards
Point mutations
occur in singular parts of the genome that code for a protein
(ex. silent, missense, non-sense, readthrough)
Silent
(synonymous) have no impact on the protein sequence
Missense
(Non-synonmous) mutation in DNA sequence that actually causes a change in amino acid sequence of the eventual protein
Nonsense
mutation in DNA sequence that converts an amino acid to a stop codon
Readthrough
converting the stop codon in wild type sequence to an amino acid sequence
Transitions
mutations intrachanging amongst purines (ex. A for T) or Pyrimidines (C for G)
more common, less likely to be misense mutations
Transversions
Mutations interchanging purines with pyrimidines or vise versa
Frameshift mutation
causes an addition or deletion of nucleotide (s) causing a shift in the reading frame of the codons in the mRNA
Potentially alters the amino acid sequence at protein translation
Translocation
Mutation when the section of chromosome is moved to another chromosome
Duplication
Section of gene is duplicated on the chromosome
Inversion
Chromosomal material is maintained, but the orientation in the genome on the chromosome is flipped
ex. butterfly mimicking morphology
Reporter genes
an imprecise historical method to observe mutations
Identify genes that produce the a phenotypic effect, observe the population for change in the phenotype and if it occurs there has been a mutation
crude method
Mutation accumulation lines
Method to observe/calculate mutation
Cultivate large populations for multiple generations with minimal selection and observe mutations over time
ex. fruit flies
Migration
Movement of alleles between populations
interpreted by gene flow
mechanisms: dispersal of animals
Gene Flow
`the movements of alleles between one population from the population by movement of individuals or gametes
