Principles of Medical Ethics and Law COPY Flashcards

1
Q

what does medical law and ethics allow students to do?

A

pass exams - now

make better clinical decisions – now and in the future

avoid trouble – now and in the future

The main aim is to ensure that you always put the best interests of patients first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

are doctors trusted?

A

yes

one of the most trusted professions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What Do you Know About Professional Governance?

A

What do you know about:

  • The General Medical Council?
  • The Professional Standards Authority?
  • Health Boards?
  • NHS Trusts?
  • Responsible Officers?
  • Medical Directors?
  • The law as it affects medicine and doctors?
  • Public interest?
  • Insight?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are ethics?

A

The body of moral principles or values governing or distinctive of a particular culture or group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do Ethical Principles Come From?

A

Two traditions:

  1. Duties: “right” & “wrong”; actions by individuals or groups

‘absolute values’

  1. Considering the benefits and harms to individual and society; looking at the consequences not just to the individual
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are some parts of the Hippocratic Tradition?

A

“As to diseases, make a habit of two things – to help and not to harm.”

“I will never give a poison to anyone to cause death, not even if asked.”

“Into whatever houses I enter, I will enter to help the sick, and I will abstain from all intentional injustice and harm, especially from abusing the bodies of man or woman, bond or free.”

“[The sick put themselves] into the hands of their physicians in an intimate way and, in so doing, physicians encounter wives and maidens and precious possessions toward which self-control must be exercised”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What Comprises Ethics?

A
  • Principles
  • Values
  • Honesty
  • Standards, rules of behaviour that guide the decisions, procedures and conduct of individuals that respect the rights of all stakeholders affected by its operations”.
  • Do you have anything you would wish to add?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What Do we Mean by Morality?

A

Our attitudes, behaviours and relations to one another

Are morals important in a secular society?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Consequentialism?

A

The moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do Ethical Principles Come From?

A

Two traditions:

  1. Duties, “right” & “wrong” actions, absolute values

DEONTOLOGY

  1. Look at benefits and harms to individuals but also society as a whole; look at the consequences.

UTILITARIANISM (a type of consequentialism)

• The greatest good for the greatest number (maximising pleasure/ happiness and minimising pain/ unhappiness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ethics and Clinical Decisions and based on what?

A
  1. Duties
  2. Four Principles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

whata re the duties of a doctor?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the four principles?

A
  1. Respect for Autonomy
  2. Non-malfeasance
  3. Beneficence
  4. Justice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is respect for autonomy?

A

Promote the right to self determination

Confidentiality, informed consent, promote capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is non-malfeasance

A

The avoidance of harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is Beneficence?

A

to do good

17
Q

what is justice?

A

Fairness/equity:

  • Non discrimination
  • Equal treatment for equal need

Individual vs. population:

  • Rationing
  • Limits to autonomy
18
Q

THink about this in regards to the 4 principles:

• Do you give iv fluids to an elderly cancer patient who is too drowsy to drink?

A
  1. Respect for autonomy

Can we promote her autonomy?

Living will, treat delirium etc.

  1. Non-malfeasance

What are the harms of giving/not giving fluids?

  1. Beneficence

What are the benefits of giving/not giving fluids?

  1. Justice

What are the opportunity costs?

Are we being ageist/sexist etc.?

19
Q

What things are particular relevant ethically when dealing with a patient?

A
  • Non-judgmental approach
  • Not imposing personal views & respecting patients’ views
  • Confidentiality
  • Not exceeding your competency
  • Fitness to practise
20
Q

How is a non-judgmental approach carried out?

A

Deserving vs. undeserving patients?

It doesn’t matter how the patient got his/her condition/complaint

GMC guide 2006: you must not discriminate on grounds of age, colour, culture, disability, ethnic or national origin, gender, lifestyle, marital or parental status, race, religion or beliefs, sex, sexual orientation, or social or economic status

21
Q

What is importnat in regards to Not Imposing Your Personal Views and Respecting Patients’ Views?

A
  • Fair presentation of facts/options
  • Not letting your views affect your advice/actions (Should you divulge your opinions?)
  • Willingness to refer elsewhere
  • Not bullying/belittling etc (also applies to colleagues, juniors, other health workers etc)
22
Q

What is confidentiality?

A

Basis of trust

“Need to know” basis (including discussion of cases with others)

Rare occasions where confidentiality may / should be breached

(When might that be?)

23
Q

Not Exceeding Your Competency - when is this important?

A

Applicable at all stages of the undergraduate medical course and your subsequent career

24
Q

What do You know About Fitness to Practise?

A

It is not just about competency

You have a specific duty to take appropriate action to protect patients, not just by your own actions but also to protect patients if you or others are unfit to practise

25
Q

what needs to be thought about in regards to raising concerns?

A
  • What does this mean?
  • Drugs?
  • Alcohol?
  • Poor performance - What is underperformance? When is it difference of opinion?
  • How do we raise concerns?
  • When do we raise concerns?
  • What about problems with ‘superiors’?
26
Q

The Ethical Code Includes: “I understand and will uphold that all those caring for and treating patients are bound by a Duty of Candour”

who does the Duty of Candour apply to and what is it?

A

This means that you must be open and honest with patients when something goes wrong with a patient’s treatment or care which causes, or has the potential to cause, harm or distress

If you are unsure of the consequences immediately seek the advice of an appropriate senior colleague to peer review your view and subsequently tell the patient (or the patient’s advocate, carer or family) when something has gone wrong even if the patient is not aware or has not complained

You must apologise to the patient and offer an appropriate remedy or support to put matters right (if possible) and explain fully the short and long term effects of what has happened

This duty requires you to be open and honest with all parties as well as any relevant organisations such as your employer, practice principal or the Health Authority or Board; you must take part in reviews and investigations when requested

You must raise concerns where appropriate if you believe a patient’s best interests potentially have been or actually have been compromised

As a doctor or a student you should encourage other peers and colleagues to be open and honest; you must not stop someone who has concerns from raising concern

27
Q

Other Questions You Might Like to Consider?

A
  1. Is “letting die” the same as “killing”?
  2. Can you have ethics in the absence of religion?
  3. Is ethics the same as law?
  4. Is medical ethics a conspiracy by doctors to dupe the general public?