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Medical Ethics & Law > Outbreak > Flashcards

Outbreak Flashcards

1
Q

What does HAI stand for?

A

Heathcare associated infection

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2
Q

What is a healthcare associated infection?

A

Infection you might catch when getting healthcare in the hospital or community

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3
Q

What are the most common infections in hospitals?

A

Urine infections, infections after surgery, skin infections, sickness and diarrhoea

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4
Q

What is a hospital acquired infection?

A

Infection after being in hospital for more than 48 hours

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5
Q

What are the most common hospital acquired infections?

A
  • UTI (23%)
    • Mainly related to catheterisation
  • Surgical site infection (19%)
  • Respiratory tract infection (18%)
  • Bloodstream infections (11%)
  • GI infection
  • Skin and soft tissue infection
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6
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

An infection defined as 2 or more cases of an infection linked in time and place

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7
Q

What does IPCT stand for?

A

Infection, prevention and control team

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the IPCT?

A

Prevent infections and outbreaks

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9
Q

What are the steps in the chain of infection?

A

1) Infectious agent
2) Reservoir
3) Portal of exit
4) Transmission
5) Portal of entry
6) Susceptible host

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10
Q

What are examples of infectious agents?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Prion
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11
Q

What are examples of reservoirs?

A
  • Humans
  • Equipment
  • Environment
  • Food
  • Animals
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12
Q

What are examples of portals of exit?

A
  • Blood and body fluids
  • Skin scales/wound
  • Coughing and sneezing
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13
Q

What are examples of modes of transmission?

A
  • Direct or indirect
  • Inhalation
  • Ingested of contaminated
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14
Q

What are examples of portals of entry?

A
  • Skin/surgical wounds
  • Eyes or mouth
  • Respiratory tract
  • Intestinal tract
  • Tubes
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15
Q

What are examples of things that make people susceptible hosts?

A
  • Underdeveloped immune system
  • Decreasing immune system
  • Drugs or disease
  • Tubes
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16
Q

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection to stop outbreaks at the infectious agent phase?

A
  1. Diagnosis and treatment
  2. Antimicrobial stewardship
17
Q

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection at the reservoir phase?

A
  1. Cleaning
  2. Infection prevention
  3. Pest control
18
Q

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection at the portal of exit phase?

A
  1. Hand hygiene
  2. PPE
  3. Personal hygiene
  4. First aid
  5. Removal of catheters and tubes
19
Q

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection at the mode of transmission phase?

A
  1. Hand hygiene
  2. PPE
  3. Food safety
  4. Cleaning
  5. Isolation
20
Q

What are ways of breaking the chain of infection at the susceptible host phase?

A
  1. Immunisation
  2. Treatment of underlying disease
  3. Health insurance
  4. Patient education
21
Q

What are the 5 points of hand hygeine?

A

1) Before patient contact
2) Before aseptic procedure
3) After body fluid exposure
4) After patient contact
5) After touching patient environment

22
Q

What does TBPs stand for?

A

Transmission based precautions

23
Q

What are some examples of transmission based precautions?

A
  • Contact
  • Gloves
  • Apron
  • Masks
  • Eye protection
24
Q

What are some airborne precautions for isolated patients?

A
25
Q

What are some droplet precautions?

A
26
Q

What are some contact precautions?

A
27
Q
A
28
Q

What are the different kinds of airborne transmission?

A
  • Droplet
    • >5um
    • Spread assumed to be around 1m
    • Drop to ground
  • Aerosol
    • <5um
    • Much more widespread
    • Remain suspended in the air
29
Q

Compare and contrast droplet and aerosol transmission?

A
  • Droplet
    • >5um
    • Spread assumed to be around 1m
    • Drop to ground
  • Aerosol
    • <5um
    • Much more widespread
    • Remain suspended in the air
30
Q

What is the smallest size of an object that the human eye can see?

A

40um

31
Q

What is cleaning?

A

Physical removal of organic material and decrease in microbial load

32
Q

What is disinfection?

A

Large reduction in microbe numbers

33
Q

What is sterilisation?

A

Removal/destruction of all microbes and spores

34
Q

What cleaning method is used for low risk, medium risk, and high risk things?

A
  • Low risk
    • Intact skin contact such as stethoscopes, cots, mattresses
    • Cleaning with manufacturer’s instructions
  • Medium risk
    • Mucous membrane contact such as bedpans, vaginal specula, endoscopes
    • Cleaning with disinfection or sterilisation as appropriate
  • High risk
    • Surgical instruments
    • Cleaning with sterilisation
35
Q

What are some methods of disinfection?

A
  • Heat
    • Pasteurisation (such as bedpans, linin, dishwaters)
    • Boiling (vaginal specula, ear syringes)
  • Chemical
    • Chemicals vary in their organism activity
    • Examples are alcohol, chlorhexidine, hypochlorites, hydrogen peroxide
36
Q

What are some methods of sterilisation?

A
  • Steam under pressure (autoclave)
  • Hot air oven
  • Gas (ethylene dioxide)
  • Ionising radiation
37
Q

What are different types of surveillance?

A
  • Local surveillance
    • Laboratory based
    • Ward/clinical area based
  • National surveillance
    • Examples are E. Coli (2016), MRSA bacteraemia (2006)
38
Q

What is the purpose of surveillance?

A

To detect and identify possible outbreaks at earliest opportunity

Medical Ethics & Law (52 decks)

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