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Nurs 2500 > Lecture 1 Review > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Etiology definition

A

The study of the causes or reasons for a disease

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2
Q

Idiopathic definition

A

When the cause of a disease is unknown

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3
Q

Iatrogenic definition

A

The cause of disease is a result of an unintended or unwanted medical treatment

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4
Q

Risk factor definition

A

A link between an etiological factor and the development of disease is increased due to the presence of another factor

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5
Q

Pathogenesis definition

A

The development or evolution of a disease from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the manifestations of the disease

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6
Q

Clinical manifestations definition

A

Manifestations of the disease that are observed (objective data and subjective feelings.) The clinical manifestations of a disease may changer over time resulting in the clinical presentation of different stages

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7
Q

Treatment implications definition

A

Are guided by the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical consequences of a particular disorder may suggest that certain treatments could be helpful

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8
Q

Epidemiology definition

A

The study of patterns of disease in human populations

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9
Q

Primary level of care

A
  • preventative
  • doctor’s office
  • primary care providers
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10
Q

Secondary level of care

A
  • treating illnesses early

- with specialists and referrals

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11
Q

Tertiary level of care

A
  • complications have occured
  • into the hospital needing hospital care
  • collaboration of healthcare workers
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12
Q

Quaternary level of care

A
  • treating uncommon illnesses

- experiential care (like clinical trials)

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13
Q

How does COVID develop in a person? This is a ____ question

A

Pathogenesis

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14
Q

What causes COVID? This is a _______ question

A

Etiology

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15
Q

A COVID positive patient is experiencing a loss of taste and smell which are examples of _______

A

Clinical manifestations

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16
Q

Tracking the cases of COVID and how it spreads is an example of

A

Epidemiology

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17
Q

Being obese is a probable ____ for developing severe COVID symptoms

A

Risk factor

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18
Q

Clinical judgment definition

A

The observed outcome of critical thinking and decision-making. It uses nursing knowledge to observe and assess presenting situations, prioritize patient concerns, and used evidence-informed solutions to deliver safe patient care

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19
Q

Four stages of competence

A

Clinical judgment requires reflective practice. The four stages are unconsious incompetence, conscious incompetence, conscious competence, and unconscious competence

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20
Q

Unconscious incompetence

A

Not aware of a skill you lack

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21
Q

Conscious incompetence

A

Aware that you lack a skill. Begin to value the skill. Begin to learn

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22
Q

Conscious competence

A

Know how to do skill. Broken down into steps. Requires concentration*

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23
Q

Unconscious competence

A

Becomes “second nature”. Performed easily. Perform along with other tasks. Fluid action

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24
Q

What is “nursing process: assessment”?

A

Deliberate and systematic collection of data to determine a patient’s current and past health and function status and to determine the patient’s present and past coping patterns

25
Q

What are the kinds of data in assessment?

A
  • 2 steps: data collection/ verification AND analysis of data
  • subjective vs objective data
  • primary vs secondary vs tertiary sources of data
26
Q

The order of assessment techniques:

A

Client health history (verbal) →
Review of systems (verbal) →
Head to Toe assessment (physical assessment and observations)

27
Q

Goal in collecting client health history

A

Goal is to determine patient concerns and help find solutions. Interview allows for formation of partnership with patient.

28
Q

What does SAMPLE stand for?

A 
Symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past medical history
Last intake (food, drink; what and when?)
Events before this
29
Q

What is the review of all systems?

A

Collecting data on all body systems. What you find on the ROS will be followed up in the physical assessment

30
Q

What does OPQRSTU stand for?

A

Onset “timing of when this first occured”
Precipitation or Palliation “anything brought this on?”
Quality “describe the pain”
Region or Radiation “where is this located?”
Severity “rate the pain”
Time (history of event)
Understanding “what do you think caused this?”

31
Q

What occurs in the physical assessment?

A
  • Starts with a general survey (vital signs, height, and weight)
  • differerent approaches of assessment depending on situation (h2t or detailed systems assessment)
32
Q

What is assessed in the integumentary system?

A

Skin, hair, scalp, nails, capillary refill

33
Q

The skills of physical assessment

A

Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation

34
Q

What is inspection?

A
  • Concentration watching, close/ careful scrutiny of patient
  • General survey
  • physical appearance
  • body structure
  • behaviour
  • mobility
35
Q

What is palpation?

A

Touch - can confirm what you saw during inspection

  • slow and systematic
  • intermittent pressure
36
Q

What are you feeling for in palpation?

A
  • texture, temperature, moisture (diaphoresis)
  • swelling, thickness, lumps, or masses
  • presence of tenderness or pain
  • vibration or pulsation
  • rigidity or spasticity
  • crepitation
  • organ location and size
37
Q

What is percussion?

A

Tapping the skin with short, sharp strokes to assess underlying structures

38
Q

What is auscultation?

A

Hearing sounds prodcued by heart, blood vessels, lungs, and abdomen channeled through a stethoscope

39
Q

What is data verification?

A

Data verification is the nurse confirming and correlating their assessment findings

40
Q

Nursing process: analysis

A
  • look for patterns or clusters in the assessment data
  • form diagnostic conclusions that determine patient care
  • review normal vs abnormal findings
  • nursing diagnosis vs collaborative problem
41
Q

Nursing process: planning

A

Nurse sets patient-centered goals, outlines expected outcomes, plans nursing interventions, and prioritizes and selects interventions that will resolve patient’s problems and achieve goals and outcomes

42
Q

Nursing process: implementation

A

Implentation phase initiatives or completes planned actions or nursing interventions

  • direct vs indirect nursing care
  • independent vs dependent nursing interventions
  • medical orders
  • reassess patient
  • reviewing the existing nursing care plan
43
Q

Nursing process: evaluation

A

The evaluation process, which determines the effectiveness of nursing care, consists of five elements:

  1. Identifying evaluative criteria and standards
  2. Collecting data to determine whether the criteria or standards are met
  3. Interpreting and summarizing findings
  4. Documenting findings and any clinical judgment
  5. Terminating, continuing, or revising the care plan
44
Q

Layer 2 of the clinical judgment model

A
  • recognize cues
  • analyze cues
  • prioritize hypotheses
  • generate solutions
  • take action
  • evaluate outcomes
45
Q

____ are techniques a nurse uses to gather data about the patient’s current condition

A

IPPA

46
Q

The nurse uses their ______ to provide safe care

A

Clinical judgment

47
Q

____ provides the health care team with an overview of clinical manifestations the patient is experiencing

A

ROS

48
Q

_____ is when the nurse performs additional assessments

A

Data verification

49
Q

____ is a technique/ tool used to assess a specific clinical manifestation (e.g., pain)

A

OPQRSTU

50
Q

Diagnostic error definition

A

The result of a delay in diagnosis, failure to employ indicated tests, use of outdated tests, or failure to act on results of monitoring or testing

51
Q

Treatment errors definition

A

Occur in the performance of an operation, procedure, or test; in administering a treatment; in the dose or method of administering a drug; or in avoidable delay in treatment or in responding to an abnormal test

52
Q

Preventive errors definition

A

Occur when there are failures to provide prophylactic treatment and inadequate monitoring or follow-up of treatment

53
Q

Communication errors definition

A

Lack of communication or a lack of clarity in communication

54
Q

Error of commission definition

A

Did not provide care correctly

55
Q

Error of omission definition

A

Did not provide care

56
Q

Levels of errors

A

Adverse event - error to patient
Near miss - catching the error before it occurs
Sentinel event - error to patient leading to injury or death

57
Q

Blunt end of errors

A

Latent errors

Organizational/ system

58
Q

Sharp end of errors

A

Active errors

Direct patient care

Nurs 2500 (16 decks)

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