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nurs 2500 > Lecture 3 Review > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue integrity definition

A

Tissue integrity is defined as the state of structurally intact and physiologically functioning epithelial tissues, such as the integument (including the skin and subcutaneous tissue) and mucous membreane. The term impaired tissue integrity reflects varying levels of damage to one or more of those groups of cells

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2
Q

Cellular regulation definition

A

Refers to all functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis, including its responses to extracellular signals (e.g. hormones, cytokines, and neurotransmitters) and the way it produces an intracellular response. Included within these functions is cellular regulation and growth.

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3
Q

Atrophy definition

A

A decrease in the size of cells or the number of cells in a body tissue

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4
Q

Hypertrophy definition

A

Increase in the size off cells, giving increased mass of tissue without having to create new cells through division.

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5
Q

Hyperplasia definition

A

Increased number of cells from increased cellular division

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6
Q

Metaplasia definition

A

Cells change into a different type of cell in response to injury

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7
Q

What are adaptive cellular responses to sublethal injury?

A

These adaptive responses serve to protect our cells and keep us in a homeostatic state.

  • atrophy
  • hypertrophy
  • hyperplasia
  • metaplasia
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8
Q

Dysplasia definition

A

Abnormal change in dividing cells that causes alterations in their size, shape, and appearance. Possibly reversible if the stimulus is removed, and cells will return to their normal shape. If continued, considered a precursor for malignancy. This is the presence of pre-cancerous cells

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9
Q

Anaplasia definition

A

Cells change from highly specific and differentiated cells (easy to see what kind of cell they are) and take on a more immature, undifferentiated fetal appearance (difficult to tell what kind of cell they are). Anapaestic cells is one characteristic of malignant cancerous tumours

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10
Q

Cellular ischemia definition

A

The cell does not have adequate oxygenation, which leads to altered metabolism and cellular death

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11
Q

Physical damage definition

A

Excessive heat (e.g. a burn) or cold (e.g. severe frostbite) can cause damage severe enough that cells die. Fatal damage to cells can occur through physical injury as as laceration to the skin. This can also occur with medical treatments including radiation therapy

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12
Q

Microbial injury definition

A

Viruses or bacteria destroy cells

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13
Q

Immunological injury definition

A

The body’s own immune system acts against its cells causing cellular death.

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14
Q

Normal substances definition

A

The body’s own regular substances may cause cell death if not in the correct environments. Example if stomach acid and digestive enzymes get into the peritoneal cavity they can injure and kill cells there.

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15
Q

Tumor growth can either be…

A

either benign or cancerous

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16
Q

When a cell dies, there are generally two ways that it might happen….

A

Apoptosis or necrosis

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17
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

It is a highly regulated, orderly and programmed process of cell death. Following cell death, all of the cell remnants are recycled or removed by phagocytes in a controlled manner. No symptoms or inflammation, because this is a normal process

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18
Q

What is necrosis?

A

A cellular death that is unexpected, and a result of severe and irreversible cell injury. Leads to uncontrolled cell death by causing cells to swell and rupture, and cellular contents spill out into the surrounding tissue.

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19
Q

In ________ cells ________, whereas in ______ cells _____

A

In apoptosis cells shrink, whereas in necrosis cells swell

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20
Q

_____ death requires ATP

A

Apoptosis

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21
Q

_______ death is passive

A

Necrosis

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22
Q

The different types of necrosis

A
  • coagulative
  • liquefactive
  • caseous
  • gangrene (dry or wet)
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23
Q

Cancer cell characteristics

A
  • persistent proliferation
  • invasive growth
  • metastases
  • immortality
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24
Q

Persistent proliferation definition

A

Cancerous cells exhibit unrestrained growth and cell division. In cancer cells the growth becomes constantly “turned on” and cells divide without limits, more frequently than normal cells do

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25
Q

Invasive growth definition

A

Cancer cells do not stop dividing when they touch other cells or other types of cells. They will grow and penetrate adjacent organs and tissues

26
Q

Metastases definition

A

Cancer cells have the ability to detach or break away from the primary site of tumour growth. This allows them to migrate through the body and begin growing in other sites. This results in cancer spreading to other sites

27
Q

Immortality definition (cancer cells)

A

Cancer cells do not follow genetic pre-programmed genetic cell death instructions, and do not undergo apoptosis. If a cell does not die when it is supposed to, it becomes immortal, and will keep dividing indefinitely.

28
Q

Two types of genes that are mutated that cause cancerous growth

A

Proto-oncogenes and tumour supressor gene

29
Q

Proto-oncogenes definition

A

Genes that normally cause cells to grow and divide when needed. A mutation in a proto-oncogene will cause the cell to act as a oncogene, and begin to divide without limits

30
Q

Tumour suppressor gene definition

A

Normally acts to suppress excessive cell growth and division, so in a healthy person they would stop the growth of tumours. If a mutation in a tumour suppressor gene, it will stop functioning and allow unregulated cell division to occur

31
Q

Ways cancerous tumour can be classified

A
  • type
  • grading
  • staging
32
Q

Treatment for solid cancers

A

Surgery

33
Q

Treatment for disseminated cancers like leukemias or metastases

A

Drug therapy

34
Q

Treatment for cells in the M or G2 phase of the cell cycle

A

Radiation therapy

35
Q

Seven warning signs of cancer

A
  • Change in bowel or bladder habit
  • A sore that does not heal
  • Unusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice
  • Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere
  • Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
  • Obvious change in a wart or mole
  • Nagging cough or hoarseness
36
Q

How do you assess moles?

A 
Asymmetry
Border irregularity 
Colour variation
Diameter > 6mm
Evolution
37
Q

Coagulative definition

A

Caused by ischemia, free radical, still looks like a cell for a while

38
Q

Liquefactive definition

A

Caused by the body releasing enzymes to kill bacteria, causes damage (liquefy) of neighbouring cells (e.g. abscess)

39
Q

Caseous definition

A

A distinct form of coagulative necrosis, where tissue no longer recognizable, cheese like appearance. Caused by mycobacterial infections (e.g. tuberculosis) or tumour necrosis

40
Q

Gangrane definition

A

Build up of decomposing dead tissue, usually refers to appendage/ limb with ischemic necrosis

41
Q

Dry gangrene definition

A

Chronic/ slow, caused by degenerative diseases (atherosclerosis, diabetes), may auto-amputate

42
Q

Wet gangrene definition

A

Acute/ quick, caused by sudden elimination of blood flow (severe burn or traumatic crush injury) possible bacteria

43
Q

Adaptive processes definition

A

Response serves to maintain or protect body functioning

44
Q

Maladaptive processes definition

A

Response that is more harmful than helpful or may begin to damage the body (cancer)

45
Q

Carcinogenesis definition

A

The process by which normal cells become transformed into malignant cells. This initially involves changes in the DNA (i.e. mutation). Most cancers require multiple changes in DNA, caused by several factors

46
Q

Neoplasm or tumour definition

A

An abnormal mass of cells which grow and divide outside of normal controls

47
Q

Where do carcinomas originate from?

A

Embryonal ectoderm (skin, glands, epithelium)). Endoderm (mucous membrane of respiratory tract, GI and GU tracts)

48
Q

Where do sarcomas originate from?

A

Embryonal mesoderm (connective tissue, muscle, bone, and fat)

49
Q

Where do lymphomas and leukemias originate from?

A

Hematopoietic system (bone marrow, immune system)

50
Q

What is the most common type of cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinomas (BSS) 75-80%

51
Q

What is the most deadly, rapid progress, less common cancer?

A

Malignant melanomas

52
Q

What cancer will 1 in 20 Canadians develop in their lifetime?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

53
Q

The four major classes of anti-cancer drugs

A
  • cytotoxic agents (chemotherapy)
  • hormones & hormone antagonists
  • biological response modifiers
  • targeted drugs
54
Q

Neutropenia definition

A

(“weakened immune system”) increases incidence and severity of infection. Typically begins a few days after dosing, and the nadir occurs 10-14 days, with neutrophils recovering about a week later

55
Q

Nadir definition

A

The lowest neutrophil count (peak of the bone marrow suppression caused by cancer treatment)

56
Q

Anemia definition

A

Reduced red blood cells. Less common than neutropenia or thrombocytopenia as RBCs lived for 120 days allowing erythrocytes to recover before they drop too low

57
Q

Stomatitis definition

A

Inflammation of the oral mucosa, typically develops a few days after chemotherapy has begun and may persist for weeks. Can cause severe pain

58
Q

Diarrhea definition

A

Inflammation of intestines, rectum, and anus impairs absorption of fluid and other nutrients

59
Q

Alopecia definition

A

Reversible hair loss resulting from injury to hair

60
Q

Reproductive toxicity definition

A

To a developing fetus, ovaries, testes and cause atrophy of the vaginal epithelium. Fetus is most impacted (risk of abortion of fetal malformation) during the first trimester. Cause cause irreversible sterility in males

nurs 2500 (16 decks)

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