1.1

Question 1

Precedent

Answer 1

An example, standard, guidelines for sentencing based upon previous and similar cases.
This ensures fair, consistent sentences and that judges are not abusing their powers.

Question 2

Exceptions to precedent

Answer 2

Distinguishing- facts in the previous case differ from current ones, allowing judges to reach a different decision.

Overruling- a court higher in the hierarchy doesn’t agree with a decision.

Question 3

Statutory interpretation

Answer 3

When judges make verdicts upon how they view the law. Include…

The literal rule- literal meanings of the law
The golden rule- literal meanings of words can change
The mischief rule- enforce what the law was attempting to say, rather than literal meanings.

Question 4

Stages of governmental laws

Answer 4

Green paper- written before a bid is put in for a new bill, stets out questions to discuss.

White paper- stets out future proposals, includes draft versions of a bill and final changes can be made.

Question 5

Parliament sages of a bill

Answer 5

House of Commons:
First reading - initial vote
Committee stage- small group of MPs examine in detail, can make changes
Report stage- changes are considered and voted upon
Third reading- no changes can be made, final vote to accept or reject bill

House of Lords:
Same stages, bill can go between the two.
Any changes made, HoC have to revote.

Royal assent:
Has to be signed by a monarch