1.1 Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
When does this timespan begin?
A
492BC
2
Q
Since when were Greek cities of asia minor under Persian control?
A
546BC
3
Q
When did Darius come to power?
A
522BC
4
Q
What did Darius immediately do after coming to power?
A
Spent 10 years adding eastern Aegean islands to the empire
5
Q
Where did Persia attempt to invade in 499?
A
Naxos
6
Q
When did Persia attempt to invade Naxos?
A
499BC
7
Q
What was the consequence of the Naxos invasion?
A
The Ionian Revolt
8
Q
What year was the Ionian Revolt?
A
499BC
9
Q
When did Persia manage to subdue the rebellion?
A
494BC
10
Q
What ended the Ionian revolt?
A
a sea battle and the suppression of Miletus
11
Q
what year did Mardonius lead a campaign in northern Greece?
A
492BC
11
Q
Why was Miletus important?
A
it was a large Ionian city
12
Q
what was the main objective of the 492 campaign?
A
to attack and punish Eretria and Athens
13
Q
what did Eretria and Athens do to anger the Persians?
A
they had sent a number of ships to assist the Ionian revolt
14
Q
what was the outcome of the 492 expedition?
A
It was a failure
15
Q
what did persia do after the failed 492 expedition?
A
captured the wealthy island of thasos
16
Q
what year did darius send out heralds to greek states?
A
491BC
17
Q
why did darius send out heralds to greek states?
A
To demand earth and water for the king
18
Q
why did darius send out heralds to greek states?
A
to contribute to the persian invasion force
19
Q
what was the gesture of earth and water?
A
a symbolic token offered by foreign states to persia showing acceptance of persian rule
20
Q
what does medise mean?
A
the act of a greek state submitting to the persians
21
Q
what are medes?
A
persian subject people
22
Q
who does herodotus say gave earth and water in 491?
A
many cities in the greek mainland and all of the islands
23
Q
who was at war with athens in 491?
A
aegina
24
why was aegina important?
it was a powerful trading island in the sardonic gulf
25
what happened when xerxes sent out heralds in 481? Athens
they were thrown into the pit
26
what happened when xerxes sent out heralds in 481? Sparta
they were pushed into a well
27
what did heralds normally benefit from?
sarcred protection on diplomatic missions
28
when was hippias expelled?
510BC
29
what type of leader was hippias?
a tyrant
30
who did hippias join when he was expelled from athens and what did he do?
the persians - he urged them to attack so that he could be reinstated as ruler of athens
31
how is darius presented on his tomb?
on a throne infront of a fire altar and incense burner
32
when did darius build his tomb?
during the final years of his reign
33
what is the result of no persian historians?
we have limited access to their sources and info
34
where do the greeks appear on the tomb of darius?
only as subject peoples of the empire
35
how does darius identify himself?
as the ideal persian warrior
36
when was the battle of marathon?
490BC
37
what was the double motivation for the invasion in 490?
revenge and imperial expansion
38
who replaced mardonius?
datis and artaphrenes
39
what was the size of the persian invasion force in 490?
600 ships
40
where was the first target of the 490 invasion and what happened?
naxos - they destroyed it
41
what was the persian approach to the island of delos?
they were respectful and left it alone?
42
what is significant about the island of delos?
said to be the birthplace of artemis and apollo
43
what did the persians do to the temples at naxos and eretria?
burned them in revenge for the greeks burning an important temple at sardis during the ionian revolt
44
how far is it between athens and marathon?
26 miles
44
why could the spartans not send immediate help in 490?
due to the festival of karneia
45
why was the festival of karneia important?
this meant that the spartans could not send troops as this time was sacred
46
what did the persians do after defeating eretria in 490?
sailed for attica
47
how long was the stalemate at marathon?
approx 5 days
48
how many athenian troops does herodotus record at the battle of marathon?
9000 athenians and 1000 plataeans
49
how many dead persians does herodotus record at marathon?
6400
49
how many dead athenians does herodotus record at the battle of marathon?
192 athenians and 11 plataeans
50
who won at the battle of marathon?
overwhelming athenian victory
51
what did the spartans do after the battle of marathon?
approx 2000 arrived at athens and congratulated them on the victory
52
why was the battle of marathon significant to darius?
he was more determined at getting revenge
53
why was the battle of marathon significant to the persian empire?
it put their plans for western expansion on hold
54
why was the battle of marathon significant to the greeks?
they no longer believed that the persians were unbeatable
55
why was the battle of marathon significant to the athenians?
they gained massive prestige as a result of the victory
56
how long was the second persian invasion delayed?
10 years
57
when did darius die?
486BC
58
why was the second persian invasion delayed? 1
due to the death of darius in 486BC
59
why was the second persian invasion delayed? 2
the rebellion of the egyptians in 486-484BC
60
why was the second persian invasion delayed? 3
the revolt of babylon in 482BC
61
why was the second persian invasion delayed? 4
the massive prep needed for another invasion of greece
62
what was xerxes initial thoughts on a greek invasion?
he wasnt interested
63
who convinced xerxes to invade greece again?
mardonius, his cousin
64
why did mardonius convince xerxes to invade greece again?
he possibly wanted to be the governor of a conquered greece
65
how did mardonius argue to invade greece?
in order to enact revenge and that xerxes would be held in great honour if successful
66
how did mardonius argue to invade greece in terms of athens?
that defeating athens would deter others from attacking the persian empire
67
who else (besides mardonius) helped convince xerxes to invade greece?
greek exiles in persian court (eg demaratus, ex king of sparta)
68
Where did xerxes place supply depots?
along the coast of thrace and macedonia
69
what did xerxes use supply depots for?
to house large quantities of grain, salt and meat
70
why did xerxes set up supply depots?
in order to feed his army in transit as well as an aid
71
what did the coastal provinces provide to xerxes?
horse transports, crews, warships, boats and other naval crafts
72
what does herodotus say about xerxes forces in 481?
they numbered at 3 million however this is more likely to be around 200,000
72
how many of the 200,000 persian troops were elite immortals during the interwar period?
11,000
73
how is xerxes often portrayed in greek sources?
as arrogant, impetuous and immature
74
How were the greeks able to win significant wars?
due to the athenian navy
75
what was the view of athens at the time of herodotus' writing?
athens was very unpopular
76
along with athens, how many greek states resisted the persians?
30 or so
77
what is another name for the anti-persian league?
the hellenic league
78
what decisions were taken at the first hellenic league meeting? 2
to send out spies to discover persian activity
79
what decisions were taken at the first hellenic league meeting? 1
to end all conflict between allied greek states
80
what decisions were taken at the first hellenic league meeting? 3
to recruit more greek states to the cause
81
what was the main aim of the hellenic league?
to unite the greek states against persian attack
82
what decisions were taken at the first hellenic league meeting? 4
an oath to resist the persians
83
what decisions were taken at the first hellenic league meeting? 5
it was agreed that sparta would provide military leadership as it was already head of the peloponnesian league
84
what is one piece of arcaheological evidence about the cities that joined to fight the persians?
the serpent column
85
who was the serpent column dedicated to?
apollo at delphi
86
why was the serpents column dedicated to apollo?
as a thanks for the victory at plataea in 479
87
where was the serpents column later taken?
to constantinople
87
how many were named on the serpents column?
31 in total
88
who were the top three states named on the serpents column?
sparta, then athens and then corinth
89
what was controversial about the serpents column?
states argued as to who should be named at the top
90
what happened just before thermopylae?
the greeks had withdrawn their forces of 10,000 from thessaly
91
why did the greeks withdraw troops from thessaly?
as they had just joined the persian side
92
what were the thessalians famed for?
their cavalry army
93
what was the isthmus?
a narrow strip of land joining the mainland of greece to the peloponnese
94
what was the decision of the hellenic league meeting at the isthmus?
to meet the persian army at the narrow pass of thermopylae
95
who was demaratus?
one of the two spartan kings until he was deposed in 491BC
96
what was the opinion of those in the hellenic league that lived in the peloponnese?
they wanted to withdraw to the peloponnese
97
where is the focus on the battle of thermopylae?
on the final day
98
why did the peloponnesians want to withdraw?
they believed that the isthmus at corinth would be easier to defend
99
what was the opinion of greeks living outside the peloponnese?
they disagreed and did not want to withdraw to the peloponnese
100
what does herodotus report about the battle of thermopylae
that many of the 7000 troops left before the final day
101
what does herodotus say that leonidas did?
that he dismissed the troops as he could see they were afraid
102
what is herodotus' other view about leonidas' actions?
that leonidas could see that the situation was hopeless and chose to save their lives
103
why were the spartans not able to leave the battle of thermopylae?
they were duty bound to fight to the death
104
who remained at the battle of thermopylae to fight?
700 thespians and 400 thebans
105
what does herodotus claim about the thebans?
that leonidas kept them as hostages to fight against their will
106
what is herodotus' story an example of?
anti-theban bias in his athenian sources
107
what does herodotus' book 8 begin with?
a list of the greek states contributions to the combined naval forces at artemisium
108
who was eurybiades?
spartan commander of the hellenic league forces in 480
109
when was thermopylae?
august 480
110
when was artemisium
august 480
111
when did thermopylae and artemisium take place?
at the same time
112
who led the battle of artemisium?
themistocles - athenian strategoi
113
what was a strategoi?
an army general
114
what was the outcome of the battle of artemisium?
it was inconclusive
115
what does herodotus' research in book 8 suggest?
careful and detailed research
116
who were bitter enemies at the time of herodotus' writing?
athens and corinth
117
what does herodotus say about the athenians at salamis?
that they stepped aside to let sparta take control
118
what was the key debate at the start of salamis?
whether to fight at salamis close to athens or move back to the peloponnese
119
what were the persians now doing to athens?
burning it - most people had been evacuated
120
what happened as a result of persians burning athens?
most of the fighting men were now at salamis
121
who argues to fight at salamis?
themistocles
122
who opposed themistocles in the argument of where to fight?
adeimantus - corinthian commander
123
who won the argument and why?
themistocles won - he made a threat
124
what threat did themistocles make?
if they did not agree to fight at salamis then he would order the athenian ships to leave for siris in southern italy
125
why did themistocles threaten to move the ships to siris?
that athens would set up a new city there
126
why did eurybiades back down during this argument?
he knew that the greek navy was helpless without the athenian ships
127
how does herodotus reveal his anti-corinthian nature?
reporting a story about them - says that adeimantus panicked at the start of salamis and led the corinthian ships away
128
what does herodotus also say about the adeimantus story?
that the rest of the greeks confirmed it false and the corinthians played an important part in the battle
129
what does herodotus say about mardonius' plan?
he tries to minimise the defeat and suggest to xerxes to launch an immediate attack or leave him behind with an army of 300,000
130
how many soldiers does mardonius asked to be left behind with?
300,000
131
what does mardonius' army of 300,000 suggest?
that the number is a great exaggeration
132
who was artemisia?
the greek queen of halicarnassus
133
who won at salamis?
the greeks
134
who did xerxes turn to for advice when defeated at salamis?
artemisia - greek queen of halicarnassus
135
which side was halicarnassus fighting on during salamis?
the persians
136
how did artemisia reply to xerxes?
by focusing on xerxes' sense of prestige as king of a great empire
137
how does herodotus present xerxes after salamis?
as frightened by the events
138
where did the persians withdraw to after salamis?
northern greece
139
when was salamis?
september 480
140
where is salamis positioned?
south (west) of athens
141
what did the persians do during the winter of 480?
offered the athenians good will
142
what were the terms of the persians reaching out to the athenians?
that the athenians could have their city back along with any territory they wanted but had to submit to persian rule
143
who did the persians send to offer these terms?
alexander - the macedonian king
144
why were sparta alarmed at the persian offering to athens?
fear that athenian submission would leave the peloponnesians badly exposed
145
what is the athenian response to the persian offering?
no, they remain defiant
146
what did the athenians expect from sparta after the persian offering?
that sparta would lead the peloponnesian troops out to meet the persians in boetia
147
when was the battle of plataea?
august 497
148
What does herodotus' book 9 open with?
mardonius marching south towards athens
149
where did the thebans urge mardonius to go?
to sail to boetia
150
why did mardonius not sail to boetia?
he was set on revenge against athens
151
what did the peloponnesians do against mardonius?
they had built a defensive wall across the isthmus
152
what does herodotus say about the story of athenian desertion
the athenians evacuated the city when they realised the spartans were not going to lead the peloponnesians into boetia
153
what is herodotus' opinion of spartan motivation?
that the spartans had simply been buying their time when they sent envoys to athens in winter and that they wanted to defend the peloponnese alone
154
what evidence shows how close the thebans and persians were?
they both spoke greek
155
how does herodotus describe the thebans?
as persias 'firm friends' who are brave in their cause of battle
156
when did the phoecians submit to the persians?
after the summer of 480
157
what are the phoecians an example of?
distrust and contradictions between greek states
158
why did greek states distrust the phoecians?
because they had defected to the persians
159
what does herodotus' story of the phoecians suggest?
the hatred between the thessalians and phoecians was so deep that the thessalians had convinced the persians to turn their arms on the phoecians
160
who convinced the persians to turn against the phoecians?
the thessalians
161
what does the persian attack on the phoecians show?
that relations were extremely volatile
162
what is the key point of the battle of plataea?
the spartans led the attack
163
why were the greeks successful against the persians at plataea?
the persians were poorly armed against spartan hoplites
164
who does herodotus claim deserved credit for the spartan victory at plataea?
pausanias - spartan commander
165
who was pausanias?
commander of spartan forces at plataea
166
where was cape mycale?
ionia
167
which was the last battle of the second persian invasion?
mycale
168
which was the first battle of the second persian invasion?
thermopylae
169
what does herodotus claim about plataea and mycale?
that they both took place on the same day
170
where was the greek fleet based during the winter of 480/79?
the island of delos
171
who encouraged the ionians to rebel again?
the samian rebels
172
where had the persians been based around this time?
samos
173
where did the persians then withdraw to?
cape mycale
174
what happened to the persian fleet at mycale?
they beeched their ships, built a stockade to defend themselves
175
what does herodotus claim happened when the greeks reached the shore of mycale?
that the spartan king leotychides encouraged the ionians to revolt during the battle of mycale
176
who encouraged the ionians to revolt during the battle of mycale
leotychides - spartan king
177
what did the persians do to the ionian troops in their army?
they didnt trust them - they disarmed the samians and moved the milesians away from the battleground
178
what did the ionians do during the battle of mycale?
they deserted the persian force
179
who won the battle of mycale?
the greeks
180
what did the greeks do after winning at mycale?
they burnt the persian ships
181
who does herodotus give the credit for the win at mycale?
the athenians
182
where did the greeks go after winning at mycale?
withdrew to samos and held a conference about the future of ionia
183
who led the peloponnesians in this conference?
the spartans
184
what did the peloponnesians argue at the conference?
that it would be impossible to defendthe ionians from future persian attacks
185
what did the peloponnesians suggest at the conference
to resettle the ionians on the greek mainland in areas which greeks had previously medised
186
who argued against resettling the ionians?
the athenians
187
who won the argument of where to settle the ionians?
the athenians
188
what happened as a result of the conference?
aegean islands (chios, samos and lesbos) were brought into the hellenic league
