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Neuro Final > 11/30 > Flashcards

11/30 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Schizophrenia and creativity

A

Unusally high levels of creativity in both individual and family

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2
Q

% off US reports symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

1/3

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3
Q

Male vs Female Schizophrenia

A

no difference in prevalence
Difference in spike in onset (2d peak for women at 40s)

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4
Q

Paralytic dementia

A

sudden onset of delusions, caused by syphilis (1900 25% of patients suffered from)

Also, grandiosity, euphoria, poor judgment, impulsive behavior, disorderred thought and abnormal pupal contractions

Many psychological disorders have biological causes

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5
Q

Delusions

A

false beliefs in spite of contrary evidence

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6
Q

Onset of Schizophrenia

A

spike at adolescence
F - second spike at 40s

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7
Q

Genetics and Schizophrenia

A

Large factor
less genetic overlap in dizygotic (~17%) that monozygotic (~50%) twins, less risk of developing Schizophrenia

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8
Q

Prevalence of Schizophrenia

A

1 in 100 people have
60x more than muscular dystrophy
6x more than insulin dependent diabetes
5x more than MS
2x more than Alzhimer’s

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9
Q

Dimensions of Schizophrenia

A

Positive symptoms
Negative symptoms
Cognitive symptoms

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10
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

Psychosis

  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Disorganized thoughts and speech
  • Bizarre behaviors
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11
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

Emotional Dysregulation

  • lack of emotional expression
  • reduced facial expression (flat affect)
  • Inability to experience pleasure in everyday activities (anhedonia)

Impaired Motivation

  • Reduced conversation (alogia)
  • Diminished ability to begin or sustain activates
  • Social withdraw
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12
Q

Cognitive Symptoms

A

Neurocognitive impairment

  • Memory problems
  • Poor attention span
  • Difficulty making plans
  • Reduced decision making capacity
  • Poor social cognition
  • Abnormal movement patterns
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13
Q

Auditory hallucinations

A

Many sounds
“Dementor Like”
All directed at individual/ speaking to

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14
Q

Early Development

A

Altered dopamine development

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15
Q

Childhood

A

Subtle behavioral changes can be detected (often in retrospect)

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16
Q

Prodrome

A

Adolescence
precedes diagnosis, abnormalities become clear

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17
Q

Disease Onset

A

when diagnosed
large increase in positive symptoms

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18
Q

Treatment

A

medication more effective with positive symptoms
can stabilize both positive and negative symptoms
(larger decrease in positive symptoms)

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19
Q

Diverse symptoms of Schizophrenia

A

different interpretations
many disorders with same symptoms
- need to break down individual symptoms to find underlying mechanism(s) via endophenotypes

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20
Q

Endophenotypes

A 
quantifiable (sub-type) phenotypes
also symptoms (not as broad)
connect genetic and environmental factors

Simple deffinaition - Biomarker

Can be overlap - want to segregate with disease

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21
Q

Hierarchy of Endophenotype pyramid

A

Aetiological factors (genetic)
Putative brain abnormalities
Candidate endophenotypes
Behaviors

General - Syndrome, Endophenotypes, Genome

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22
Q

Endophenotypes of Schizophrenia

A

1) Reduction in pre pulse inhabitation
2) Gaze tracking Jerk
Clear differences that can be detected before diagnosis

Can be overlap - want to segregate with disease - even with family members that dont have symptoms can detect - potental to determine the underlying mechanism for schizophrenia

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23
Q

Pre Pulse Inhabitation

A

reduction in startle
Pre pulse is a signal given before a stimulus

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24
Q

Gaze tracking

Study These Flashcards
A

visual tracking
follow moving cursor - much “jerker” than normal

25
Differences is Gating
both sensory and sensitometer Normal - only perceive small subset of stimuli Schizophrenia - Not efficient/ fragmented filtering to stimuli, "core symptoms" of cognitive fragmentation and functional disorganization
26
DISC1
Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 Protine normaly regulates traficking of molecules within neurons in family - everyone with Schizophrenia has mutation (however not everyone with mutation has Schizophrenia) prevalence of mutation has large overlap with other psychiatric disorders.
27
Changes caused by DISC1
- Neuronal migration - Signal pathway regulation - Dendritic spine regulation - Synaptic maintenance
28
Schizophrenia is a ____ disorder
neurodevelopmental
29
Particular nature of Schizophrenia
is still unclear
30
Primary hypothesis of Schizophrenia
1. Excessive excitatory pruning 2. Reduction in interneuron inhibitory activity in prefrontal cortex 3. Myelination is delayed
31
Gray mater and Schizophrenia
Accelerated rate of loss of gray matter during adolescence particularly 1) parietal frontal lobe 2) temporal lobe 3) Occipital lobe
32
Environment & Genetic factors in Schizophrenia
Increase in environmental and inc. in genetic, higher likelihood to develop Schizophrenia
33
Levels of Schizophrenia disability
no disorder to "middle" - Schizotypy (more environment) - Schizophrenia Spectrum disorder (More genetic) Schizophrenic
34
Environmental factors in Schizophrenia
* Place/time of birth * Infection * Prenatal (mother) * Obstetric (during birth) * Family History - Most important
35
Neuroanatomical differences with Schizophrenia
Increase in ventricle size (especially lateral ventricle) decrease in surrounding area - especially the hippocampus
36
Hippocampus in Schizophrenia
forms one of the walls of the lateral ventricle is decreased in size cells are disorganized
37
Hypofrontality hypothesis in Schizophrenia
Decrease in frontal lobe activity both at rest and during tasks
38
Cocaine and Meth & Schizophrenia
``` causes an increase in dopamine Can precipitate (trigger) symptoms of Schizophrenia ```
39
Typical Neuroleptics
Support dopamine hypothesis High affinity for D2 receptors Are antagonists
40
Dopamine hypothesis of Schizophrenia
Higher level of dopamine or dopamine receptors Overstimulation of cells
41
Atypical neuroleptics
have higher affinity for serotonin receptors less likely to have motor effects moderate affinity for D2 highest affinity for seritonin (5-HT2A)
42
PCP and Schizophrenia
Phencyclidine (PCP) ``` causes similar symptoms (Pos and Neg) - prolonged use causes prolonged pscychotic states NMDA antagonist (blocks NMDA central calcium chanel)- blocks glutamate ```
43
Glutamate hypothesis of Schizophrenia
decrease in glutamate and/or defect in glutamate receptor Seen by PCP symptoms
44
\_\_% of US population so ill that they are unable to cary our major life activites
4%
45
First rank symptoms of Schizophrenia
1. audatory halusanations 2. highly personalized delusions 3. changes in affect (emotion)
46
Concordance
sharing of a characteristic
47
Fathered by ___ men, higher chance devoloping Schizophrenia
older, sperm have gon through more cell divisions, more oppurtunity to acumulate mutations
48
City vs Rural in Schizophrenia
living in city makes it much more likely (growing up in) unsure if this is due to exposure to other ddieases, crowds, tense socal interactions, etc.
49
Individuals with larger lateral ventricles
bennifit less from antipsychotic medication
50
Chlorpromazine
Thorazine Reduce positive symptoms
51
Amphetamine Psychosis
strickingly simillar to Schizophrenia, reversed with antipsychotic medication
52
LSD & Schizophrenia
Does not produce a Schizophrenia-like state Effects of LSD are primaraly visual (rather than audatory)
53
Clinicaly effective does for first gen antipsychotics
can be reliabaly predicted from its affinity for D2 receptors
54
Clozapine
second gen antipsychotic moderate affinity for D2 highest affinity for seritonin (5-HT2A) Can increase dopa in frontal cortex
55
Supplamenting antipsychotics with ___ helps reduce symptoms
L-dopa (increasing dopaminergic activity)
56
Recovery in Schizophrenia with and without medicaton
longer recovery without medication
57
Psychotomimetic
A drug that induced a state resembeling Schizophrenia
58
Ketamine
similar effects at PCP NMDA antagonist
59
Excitatory synapses
devolop first (around 5 years old) Inhibatory start around 12

Neuro Final (4 decks)

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