12/7

Question 1

Attention is a

Answer 1

selective focus allows cognitive processing to be optimally used
process of focusing on a particular type of stimuli, can be applied more broadly to internal cognitive processes

Question 2

Change blindness

Answer 2

large changes not noticed because not paying attention to them

Question 3

Dichotic presentation

Answer 3

simultaneous delivery of different stimuli to both ears at the same time.
report little about stimuli in un-attended ear
(opposite of R ear advantage)

Question 4

Inattentional blindness

Answer 4

failure to perceive un-attended visual stimuli

(focus on particular stimuli, not remember what not attended on)

Question 5

Endogenous attention

Answer 5

voluntary
What pay attention to
can be maintained longer than reflexive attention
TOP DOWN

Question 6

Exogenous attention

Answer 6

reflexive
comes from outside - important stimuli draws attention whether want to or not (ex. glass braking)
BOTTOM UP

Question 7

Overt attention

Answer 7

Obvious (move eye)

Question 8

Covert attention

Answer 8

Not Obvious (gaze fixed on something but attention shifted)

Question 9

Symbolic Queuing test

Answer 9

stare at dot (fixation), cue given (arrow provides info), delay, target

Question 10

Valid trial

Answer 10

cue has correct information

Question 11

Invalid trial

Answer 11

Cue has incorrect information

Question 12

Neutral trial

Answer 12

not correct or incorrect info (arrow going both ways)

Question 13

Voluntary shift in attention

Answer 13

decrease in processing speed (if shift where target is)

Question 14

ERP on EEG

Answer 14

Average of recording over time (so much random activity, need to average)
shows shift in attention

Question 15

N1

Answer 15

Auditory stimulus

Question 16

P3

Answer 16

P300 also
wave associated with higher order cognitive processing or attention (ex. novelty)
~300ms after stimulus

Question 17

N

Answer 17

negative going (upwards)

Question 18

P

Answer 18

positive going (downwards)

Question 19

Valid cue and ERP

Answer 19

P1 & N1 larger (than invalid)

Question 20

N1 effect

Answer 20

size of N1 is greater for attended vs non-attended

Question 21

Subcortical areas controlling shift in attention

Answer 21

Superior colliculus
Pulvinar

Question 22

Superior colliculus

Answer 22

mid brain, early visual processing, direct gaze towards attention
guides movement of eyes towards object of attention

Question 23

Pulvinar

Answer 23

Back part of the thalamus
orient gaze, shifts attention, filtering stimuli
larger number of distracters, greater activation

Question 24

Cortical areas controlling shift in attention

Answer 24

Dorsal frontoparietal network
Right temporoparietal network

Question 25

Dorsal frontoparietal network

Answer 25

necessary for endogenous attention and **directs gaze via the frontal eye field** spans frontal and parietal lobes (both hemispheres) *Cognitive control of voluntary* TOP DOWN mechanism

Question 26

Active in directing gaze (in dorsal frontoparietal network)

Answer 26

``` Intraparietal sulcus (IPS) frontal eye fields ```

Question 27

Right temporoparietal network

Answer 27

temporal and parietal lobes Primarily in the R side **reflexive capture of attention scans for novel stimuli drawling exogenous attention** *involves TPJ* BOTTOM UP

Question 28

Right hemisphere

Answer 28

plays a greater role in attention

Question 29

Hemi-spatial neglect

Answer 29

stroke destroyed part of cortical attention networks on R hand side Usually neglect of L hand side of the world extends to other modalities (sensation from L leg/hand)

Question 30

Balint's syndrome

Answer 30

Bilateral damage to parts of the *parietal lob*e narrowing of attention **inability to pay attention to more than one thing at a time**

Question 31

if your un conscious

Answer 31

you cant pay attention

Question 32

Cognitively impenetrable

Answer 32

Basic neural processing operations that are unconscious things we are not conscious of going on inside our brain

Question 33

Easy problem of consciousness

Answer 33

understanding how patterns of neural activity create specific conscious experiences seems directly susceptible to standard methods of cognitive science

Question 34

Hard problem of consciousness

Answer 34

understanding brain processes that produce people's subjective experiences of consciousness Not even know how to measure one person's perception of red NOT = to another's

Question 35

Qualia

Answer 35

purely subjective experience of perceptions

Question 36

Degrees of unconsciousness

Answer 36

Sleep, general anesthesia, coma, persistent vegetative state F+P very large (decreases in activity) Frontal cortex, Parietal cortex

Question 37

Large area of cortex with decreased activity in PVS (Persistent vegetative state)

Answer 37

Frontal and Parietal cortexes

Question 38

Free Will

Answer 38

Idea that we can make conscious decisions about our own behavior

Question 39

Before conscious of making a decision

Answer 39

brain already preparing for it

Question 40

10s before conscious

Answer 40

involved in decision making

Question 41

5s before conscious

Answer 41

increased activity in motor cortex

Question 42

P1 effect

Answer 42

~70-100ms after stimulus * *enhanced for selectively attending visual imput** compare with ignored imput * only visual* tasks involving *spatial attention*

Question 43

Visual search tasks __ N2

Answer 43

subcomponent, N2pc triggered at occipitotemporal sites contralateral to the visual target.

Question 44

Lesion in one superior colliculus

Answer 44

inhabitation of return was reduced for visual stimuli on affected side | (normally so we don't return to them too soon after gaze has moved on)

Question 45

Temporoparietal junction

Answer 45

TPJ - where temporal and parietal lobes meet **"circuit breaker" overriding current attention** if something *new and unexpected* happens

Question 46

Balint's syndrome symptoms

Answer 46

1) great difficulty steering their visual gaze appropriately (**oculomotor ataxia**) 2) unable to accurately reach for objects using visual guidance (**Optic ataxia**) 3) profound restriction of attention - only one object or feature can be consciously observed at a time (**simultagnosia**)

Question 47

Default mode network

Answer 47

"day dream network" A circuit of brain regions that is active during quiet introspective thought. monkeys have - they may think?

Question 48

claustrum

Answer 48

a slender sheet of neurons buried within the white matter of the forebrain lateral to the basal ganglia—plays a critical role in generating the experience of being conscious by virtue of its remarkable reciprocal connections with virtually every area of cortex, and especially prefrontal cortex. place electrode here may be able to "switch off" consciousness

Question 49

Executive functioning

Answer 49

A neural and cognitive system that helps develop plans of action and organizes the activities of other high-level processing systems. involves at least three interrelated processes: (1) **smooth task switching** between different cognitive operations, (2) **continual updating of the cognitive plan** based on new information and the contents of working memory, and (3) **timely inhibition of responses** that would compromise the plan

Question 50

hierarchical cognitive control

Answer 50

the ability to direct shorter-term actions while simultaneously keeping longer-term goals in mind

Question 51

Frontal lobe lesions

Answer 51

may cause motor perseveration overall level of ordinary spontaneous motor activity is diminished facial expression of emotions may be reduced often have inability to plan future acts and use foresight

Question 52

Orbitofrontal cortex seems to link

Answer 52

pleasant experiences with reward signals generated elsewhere in the brain

Question 53

Tendency to ___ loss

Answer 53

overemphasize

Question 54

when make wrong, costly decision that regret, activity increases in

Answer 54

amygdala orbitofrontal part of the prefrontal cortex