11

Question 1

What is a signal? What does it involve

Basic info

Answer 1

Sender and receiver
Both benefit
Stable if both benefit
Alters behaviour of receiver but receiver has evolved to respond also

Question 2

3 communication types

And example

Answer 2

Coercion - camouflage
Cue- co2 guide mosquito
Signal - honey bee waggle dance

Question 3

Show weight not cue

Answer 3

Funnel web spider

Weight is indicator of fighting ability but the signal is vibrating web to give info about weight

Question 4

Same thing can be signal and cue

Answer 4

Tungstate frog song
Signal song to female
Cue song alerting itself to prey

Trade off

Question 5

Classification types 4

Answer 5

Modality and medium
Information content
Honesty guarantees
Context

Question 6

Modality

Answer 6

Sound light chemical electric field touch seismic

Question 7

Medium

Answer 7

Air water solid

Question 8

Info content 3

Answer 8

Sender -identity sex size Dom toxicity
Receiver- detection
3rd party- presence/ location/ qual quant

Question 9

Honesty guarantees 3

Answer 9

Index signals- reliable can’t be fakes
Handicap- reliable -costly to fake
Conventional common interest - sender and receiver have common interest
Often seen in monogamous pairs

Question 10

Context 4

Answer 10

Enviro presence and location of resources, conflict or aggression, mating / courtship or social group co ird

Question 11

Indices two examples

Answer 11

Red deer stags
Assess fighting ability or oarallel walk to avoid heavily unmatched fights and reduce fighting costs - locking antlers is rare

Buck bufo Toad
Breed in pond, f there for few ayes so in demand , pitch of croak indicates body size is fewer attacks when deep croak ( limit is that strength of kick is also important)

Question 12

Vary with qual induces and handicap?

Answer 12

Indices vary gradually with quality

Handicap signal means high quality individuals are favoured to make signal

Question 13

Handicaps examples (4)

Answer 13

Stalk eyed flies
Badges of status
Harris sparrow
Honer wasps

Question 14

Zahavi handicap principle

Answer 14

Makes can ridine costly ornaments only if good qual as if a low qual cost would outweigh benefit - the cost is lower for high quality males

Question 15

Stalk eye male flies

Answer 15

High qual make allocates more resources to eye span and steeper decline with food than wing size so honest signal

Question 16

Harris sparrow

Answer 16

Larger black bibs dominate and displace others from food but if faked a signal would have high social cost due to increased aggression and punishment

Question 17

Honer wasps

Answer 17

Black facial spots

Like Harris sparrow faking signal would lead to high social cost of aggression

Question 18

Handicap not only energy costs but also 3

Answer 18

Social cost - badges of honor if faked have aggression
Efficacy cost- required to ensure info reliably perceived
Strategic costs- to maintain honesty if handicap signals

Question 19

Common interest 4 examples

Answer 19

Honey bee waggle dance
Quorum sensing bac
Fruit flies
House sparrows

Question 20

Common interest

Answer 20

No point deceiving receiver

Kin selection

Question 21

Honey bee waggle dance shows

Answer 21

Kim selection Alba shows distanc and angle of food source by dancing

Worker gains kin selection as dancer relatives will be fed

Question 22

Quorum sensing bacteria

Answer 22

Between cells
Switches behaviour if high pop density
High pop density - use of common good

Question 23

Problem with honest signals

Answer 23

Individuals that don’t respond to signal can invade pop as get benefits ie in quorum bacteria

Question 24

Fruit flies

Answer 24

Courtship and receipt ability drosophila female if mates stops the male wasting his time dancing by extruding her ovipositor and bending her a do towards him and stopping this

Honest signals are common in spp where f mates once

Question 25

House sparrows

Answer 25

Non relative signalling Vocalisation when food source found Icrease S number mean reduced predation risk But sparrow chirrup call shows this depends on situ If predator not preset and food easy to share less call

Question 26

Dishonest signals examples 4

Answer 26

Fork tailed drongos Fiddler crab Angkerfish Mantis shrimp

Question 27

Fork tailed drongos bird

Answer 27

Makes fake alarm call to makes meerkat abandon food so eat it - but not all calls are false 1/4 food is stolen

Question 28

Fiddler crabs

Answer 28

Low qual make can lose claw and Regrow weaker that is dishonest indicator of fighting ability

Question 29

Angler fish

Answer 29

Lures other fish using LURE looks like work Bayesian mimicry is also dishonest signal h

Question 30

Mantis shrimp

Answer 30

Forelimbs covered in exoskeleton moults every 2 months but can still use as threat even when has moulted it This is rare as less than 15 % are moulting at any one time

Question 31

Intentionality of communication unintended (2) and examples

Answer 31

Eaves dropping m fiddler crabs and Siamese fighting fish Exploitation - bats crickets and humans and parasitoids

Question 32

Eaves dropping

Answer 32

M fiddler crabs - see makes and see other mail waving conspicuously but can begin waving before f visible F Siamese fighting fish- If audience m make no Sig difference in way males displayed but if audience female m increase intensity of conspicuous displays Audience effect -info to make and female

Question 33

Exploitation

Answer 33

Parasitoids- as makes are usually more signalling sex they are usually more at risk of predators that locate by sex signals Bats exploiting neutropical all frog calls - eavesdrops in advertisement if m tungaa fm frog and exploits frog sing to predate it Parasitoids flies exploiting cricket calls- acoustically orientates via phonotaxis to m cricket sing so singing is therefore costly as attractive to mate as well as predator Human language - honesty could be maintained by social cost of lying - did selectio factors lead to dif communication forms

Question 34

Cost benefit if honesty | Strategy and currency

Answer 34

How much to invest in a sexual trait in order to attract mates benefit given the cot is producing it Long term maximisation of fitness

Question 35

Honesty cba | Assumption

Answer 35

As trait gets larger it becomes more disturbing to produce therefore cost is energetic

Question 36

What determines the cost for particular value of T (trait)

Answer 36

Cost coefficient alpha

Question 37

W=

Answer 37

Benefits - costs

Question 38

W of L(T)

Answer 38

T - alpha L T^2 Or T-2T^2

Question 39

W of H (T) =

Answer 39

T - alpha H T^2 Or T-T^2

Question 40

Lec overview 6

Answer 40

``` Basics Classification Honesty hypotheses Dishonest signals Intentionality Cost benefit of honesty ``` More examples (lec 12)