1.1 Flashcards
(22 cards)
Alexander II dates of rule
1855-1881
Alexander II main policies
Emancipation, 1861. Censorship, Political parties prohibited, peasants tied to mirs, Zemstvas 1864, 1870 to urban areas
Alexander III Dates of Rule
1881-1894
How did Alexander III secure power?
Reforming Ministers forced to resign Manifesto Statute of State Security - Gov controlled courts w/no jury to try opposition Press freedom restricted Censorship
Failed Assassination of AIII
1887
Alexander III policies after assassination attempt
Land Captains 1889 (1890 members of Zemstva) Gov controlled education 1890 - gov. right to choose juries Safeguard System 1881 Russification 1885
Economy under Alexander III and famine
Bunge - 1882 - reduced peasant taxes 1893 - taxes to be paid through mirs 1885 - peasant land bank FAMINE 1891-2 17/19 provinces 1m killed famine banned in papers
Witte - When?
1892-1903
Witte, main problems?
Need:
foreign investment
larger business class
peasants to move to cities
Witte Successes
Coal and iron production increased by 8% per year in 1890's Large factories in St. P and Moscow 1897-1900 144m roubles in f. investment Gold standard tripled f.investment St P pop 1 to 2m 1890=1914 1903, railways almost complete Armed forces more soph. equipment etc.
Witte Failures
Living conditions in cities poor Opposition grew Taxes led to peasant agnger STRIKES more debt than any other Euro country - 8bn roubles in 1914 No modernization of political system
Nicholas II Dates of Rule
1894-1917
Problems with Nicholas II
No understanting of poverty; influenced by pobedonostev - very conservative
Nicholas II Opposition: Liberals
Bourgeoisie, want rights, constitutional monarchy,
Octoberists: support Tsar after manifesto
Kadets: Manifesto start of constitutional monarchy
Nicholas II Opposition: SD’s
Proletariat, Marxism, no tsar
Bolsheviks, revolution ahiveved by small group. Not Marxist
Mensheviks, democratic, commust revolution
Nicholas II Opposition: SR’s
Peasants, some students, not want rev. Want land
Left = radical, assassinations (Stolypin 1911) joined Bolsheviks 1917
Right = propaganda, strikes
1905 Revolution Causes
Russo-Japanese war
- didn’t have to be fought
- disrupted travel and communications
- military failures - loss of port arhtur jan 1905
- rising prices and food shortages
- peace of Portsmouth August 1905
Bloody Sunday
- St Petersburg, father gapon, 150,000 protestors, 200+ killed
- led to feb strikes- 40,000 workers on strike
Social/Economic
-80% peasantry, small land, famine and taxes
- Witte = surge in urban population = poor conditions
Political
- lack of democracy
- increased opposition
Assassination of GRand Duke Sergei 4 Feb
1905 Revolution strikes
Moscow Uprising - Dec 1905 - 1000+ killed - Bolsehviks! Crushed by Tsarist forces
Tsars response to 1905 Revolution
Bulygin Proposals - Feb/Aug 1905 - Consultative Duma
October Manifesto - Legislative Duam - freedom of speech etc.
November - end of redemption paymnets
BUT Duma only had control of a third of inome
DIDNT SOLVE LAND SHORTAGE PROBLSM
Why did the 1905 Revolution fail?
Military Support (Eg. Moscow Uprising) Opposition divided and poorly organised - divided more after October Manifesto
St Petersburg Soviet
Represent 96 factories, Mensheviks/Bolsehviks, closed by Tsarist troops in Dec. 1905
Assassination of Grand Duke Sergei
4 Feb 1905
