1.2 Flashcards
(22 cards)
2nd Duma dates
March-June 1907
First Duma dates
April 1906 -June 1906
3rd Duma dates
Nov 1907 - June 1912
4th Duma dates
Nov 1912 -Aug 1914
First Duma - who? Demands? Achievements
Mainly kadets and peasant deputies
Wanted constitutional monarchy - Tsar dissolved it
Passed famine relief and capital punishment illegal
Stolypin - when?
Replaced Witte April 1906 (prime minister)
1911 assassinated
Fundamental Laws
Article 87, tsar rule by decree and ignore parliament in emergency
Second Duma - who? Demands? Achievements
Social democrats (Tsars police intimidated kadets during elections)
Passed land reforms with Stolypin
Attacked army organisation so Tsar dissolved
Third Duma - who? Demands? Achievements
Octoberists, less radical so gov. Listened
Passed social reforms (schools, national insurance etc - universal primary education )
Land captains replaced by JP’s
Fourth Duma - who? Demands? Achievements
Octoberists, improvements to army and navy
Interrupted by war
Nt dissolved because Br and fr impressed?
Change in election law…
June 1907 - before 3rd Duma
Voting system more bias, working mans vote 20x weaker than that of a land owner
Lack of representation in 3rd and 4th caused growth of opposition
Stolypins land reform - what and why?
Nov 1906 - peasants don’t need permission to leave Mirs
Nov 1906 - peasant land bank to give more loans to peasants to set up independently
Jan 1907 - Redemption payments banned
1910 - Mirs where no redistribution since emancipation dissolved
Gov. Incentives to move to Siberia
Why?
Hoped it would improve efficiency of farming, more workers to cities
Stolypins successes
Peasants owning own land1905 - 20%, 1915, 50%
Agricultural production 45m tonnes to 61m 1906-1913
By 1914, 25% left communes, 10% consolidated land
3rd and 4th Duma not a threat to Tsar
Failures of Stolypin
Land reform had little impact on cities
Weakened Duma
Created opposition
General Strike Moscow 1914
WWI impact on army
Initially very popular - patriotic etc.
1914 - Tannenburg defeat
- transport problem, artillery units had 3 shells a day
1915/16 - Tsar as commander-in-chief (August 1915)
- 1.5m casualties - loss of Vilna
- success; brusilove offensive
1916/17 - improved shell production
- Russia had largest army; 1.7m men
- dec 1916, 1.6m dead, 3.9m wounded
Political impact of WWI
1915, progressive bloc, convince Tsar to establish ministry of public confidence to help run war. Tsar thought it was an attempt to weaken his powers and dissolved the Duma (Duma forms 12 man committee to run country, undermining the Tsar)
1915 - Tsar commander in chief, tsarina in charge. Appointed incompetent ministers and dismissed others.
Strikes in Moscow and Petrograd, Tsar ordered to end using force
Tsar abdicates, 2 March 1917
Economic impact of WWI
Inflation 200% by 1917 Banned alcohol - less tax revenue Debt quadrupled Petrograd population 2.1 to 2.7 million 1914-17 - living standard fell Strikes 1916 and 1917 Food production led to food hoarding Transport - Moscow 2000 wagons of grain per month, 300 by 1917 Army halved rations
February revolution causes..
Tsar not dealing wi existing problems
Casualties and defeats during WWI
Poor decisions. Eg. Commander in chief
Feb revolution strikes
9 Jan - 140,000 to commemorate Bloody Sunday
More strikes due to food shortages, living conditions, inflation etc.
23 Feb - international women’s day
25 Feb - 200,000 protestors in Petrograd
Soviets established
- 1 march, order no. 1 (Petrograd soviet) - officers chosen by soldiers
Gov. Response to Feb revolution
Police arrest leaders
Newspapers closed
Public transport stopped
Some loyal troops open fire on protestors
Army response to feb revolution
25 Feb - Cossacks and Palovsky Life Guards refuse to fire
26 Feb - Petrograd Garrison troops mutiny and join protestor
Consequences of the Tsars Abdication
Increased chaos and violence
Peasant seize land by force
Still involved in war
