11/9: Upper GI

Question 1

What does the alimentary canal extend from?

Answer 1

Oral cavity to anus

Question 2

What are the 5 phases of food breakdown?

Answer 2

Ingestion
Fragmentation
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

Question 3

What occurs in the oral cavity?

Answer 3

Ingestion

Question 4

What is ingestion accompanied by?

Answer 4

Fragmentation

Question 5

What does fragmentation result in?

Answer 5

Bolus formation

Question 6

What completes fragmentation and initiates digestion?

Answer 6

Stomach

Question 7

What are contractions of smooth mm called? What control are they under?

Answer 7

Peristalsis; autonomic control

Question 8

What occurs in the duodenum?

Answer 8

Pancreatic and biliary secretions -> emulsifications of fat

Question 9

What occurs in the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 9

Primary absorption of nutrienbts

Question 10

What occurs in the colon?

Answer 10

Resorption of water and elimination of waste

Question 11

What anchors the tongue to the floor of he mouth?

Answer 11

Lingual frenulum

Question 12

What is a short frenulum called?

Answer 12

Ankyloglossia or tongue-tied

Question 13

What is the gastrointestinal (alimentary) tract lined by?

Answer 13

Mucus membrane

Question 14

What is inside the mucus membrane?

Answer 14

Large #s of glands associated with tract, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and itsetinal glands; emrbyological outgrowths of GI tract

Question 15

What are diffused lymphoid tissue?

Answer 15

MALT and GALT

Question 16

What tissue layers make up the wall of the GI tract?

Answer 16

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventita (Serosa)

Question 17

What are the 3 overall functions of the GI tract?

Answer 17

Protection
Secretion
Absorption

Question 18

What is the GI tract wall subdivided into?

Answer 18

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis Mucosae

Question 19

What surrounds the lumen of the GI tract?

Answer 19

Mucosa

Question 20

What does the mucosa consist of?

Answer 20

Epithelial cell layer supported by CT tissue (lamina propria)

Question 21

What is the muscularis mucosa?

Answer 21

Thin layer of smooth muscle that supports the mucosa and provides it with ability to move and fold

Question 22

What are the 4 distinct types of mucosal variations?

Answer 22

Protective mucosa
Secretory mucosa
Absorptive mucosa
Absorptive/protective mucosa

Question 23

What is protective mucosa characterized by?

Answer 23

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 24

Where is protective mucosa found?

Answer 24

Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Anal Canal

Question 25

What cells do secretory mucosa contain?

Answer 25

Cells that are responsible for the secretion of digestive enzymes

Question 26

Where is secretory mucosa found?

Answer 26

Stomach

Question 27

What two structures do absorptive mucosa contain?

Answer 27

Crypts and villi

Question 28

What is absorptive mucosa responsible for/

Answer 28

Absorbing digested nutrients

Question 29

Where is absorptive mucosa found?

Answer 29

Along the entirety of the small intestine

Question 30

What does absorptive/protective mucosa specialize in?

Answer 30

Water absorption and mucus secretion

Question 31

Where is absorptive/protective mucosa found?

Answer 31

Large intestine

Question 32

What four points does mucosa undergo abrupt transition from one form to another?

Answer 32

The gastro-esophageal junction, the gastroduodenal junction, the ileocecal junction and the anorectal junction

Question 33

Describe the lamina propria and what it contains?

Answer 33

Underlying CT; lymphoid nodules, glands, blood vessels and lymphatics

Question 34

Describe the muscularis mucosae and where it's located?

Answer 34

Thin layer of smooth mm; boundary between mucosa and submucosa

Question 35

What does absorptive/protective mucosa specialize in?

Answer 35

Water absorption and mucous secretion

Question 36

What is the general organization of the GI tract?

Answer 36

Question 37

What is contained in the submucosa?

Answer 37

Arteries Veins Lymphatics Nerves

Question 38

What surrounds the submucosa?

Answer 38

Muscularis externaa

Question 39

What is the muscularis externa composed of?

Answer 39

Two muscle layers, inner circular and outer lonitudinal

Question 40

How do the two muscle layers of muscularis externa move?

Answer 40

Perpendicularly to one another and form basis of peristalsis

Question 41

What does the adventitia/serosa consist of?

Answer 41

CT containing blood vessels, nerves, fat

Question 42

What is adventitia/serosa lined by?

Answer 42

Mesothelium

Question 43

What layer of the gut are local contractions found?

Answer 43

Segmentation -> mixing of food Occur proximally and distally

Question 44

Which way does peristalsis propel food?

Answer 44

Distally only

Question 45

What is the layer of the gut lined by?

Answer 45

Simple squamous epithelium (= mesothelium)

Question 46

Smooth muscle of the gut is controlled by what nervous system?

Answer 46

Autonomic

Question 47

_______ stimulation is excitatory _______ stimulation is inhibitory

Answer 47

Parasympathetic; sympathetic

Question 48

Where do parasympathetic motor Nn synapse with?

Answer 48

Ganglia near effector organ

Question 49

In the GI tract, where are ganglia located?

Answer 49

Within wall of the gut, within submucosa and muscularis externa

Question 50

What are meissner's plexus?

Answer 50

Clusters of parasympathetic ganglia within submucosa

Question 51

What are myenteric or Auerbach’s plexus?

Answer 51

Larger clusters located between inner circular & outer longitudinal Mm layers

Question 52

What is the key differene between Meissner's and Auerbach's plexus?

Answer 52

Meissner’s plexus is in the submucosal tissue of the gut tube Auerbach’s plexus is between the circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle layers

Question 53

What is the esophagus and where does it run?

Answer 53

Hollow muscular tube; laryngopharynx to stomach

Question 54

What does the resting muscle in the circular muscle layer in the superior 3 cm of esophagus prevent?

Answer 54

Air from entering

Question 55

What does resting muscle tone at inferior end prevent?

Answer 55

Backflow from stomach

Question 56

What is the esophagus lined with?

Answer 56

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

Question 57

Where is the site of GERD/esophageal cancers?

Answer 57

Distal side of the esophagus

Question 58

In upper third, muscularis externa composed of?

Answer 58

voluntary skeletal Mm

Question 59

What is the middle third of the esophagus composed of?

Answer 59

Skeletal mm and smooth mm

Question 60

What is the lower third of the esophagus composed of?

Answer 60

Smooth mm only

Question 61

What is a hiatus hernia?

Answer 61

Protrusion of the upper part of the stomach into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm

Question 62

What does the gastro-esophageal junction between the esophagus and stomach contain?

Answer 62

Gastroesophageal sphincter

Question 63

What is pyrosis?

Answer 63

(aka “heartburn”)— due to regurgitation of stomach acid into distal esophagus from cardia of stomach

Question 64

What is Barrett's esophagus?

Answer 64

Serious complication of GERD

Question 65

What does Barrett's esophagus increase the risk of?

Answer 65

Developing esophageal adenocarcinoma

Question 66

What are esophageal cancer symptoms?

Answer 66

* Difficulty and pain with swallowing, particularly when eating meat, bread, or raw vegetables * Pressure or burning in the chest. * Indigestion or heartburn. * Vomiting. * Frequent choking on food. * Unexplained weight loss. * Coughing or hoarseness. * Pain behind the breastbone or in the throat.

Question 67

What are esophageal cancer risks?

Answer 67

Smoking and poorly controlled acid reflux

Question 68

Is esophageal cancer treatable?

Answer 68

Most cases, but rarely curable