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biology AS - unit 1 > 1.1 biological compounds > Flashcards

1.1 biological compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

can essential amino acids be synthesised?

A

no, must be provided by the diet.

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2
Q

can non-essential amino acids be synthesised?

A

yes

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3
Q

describe and explain how specific heat capacity is a property of water?

A

lots of energy is needed to raise/lower the temperature of 1kg of water by 1ºc

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4
Q

describe and explain hydrogen bonds as a property of water?

A

they hydrogen atoms of one water molecule are attracted to another water molecules oxygen atom
this is due to the different charges between the two molecules.

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5
Q

describe and explain the polarity of water?

(uneven)

A

water is a dipolar molecule and consists of 2 H and 1 O joined by a covalent bond

electrons are unevenly shared:
larger nucleus of the oxygen has a slightly negative charge

smaller hydrogen atoms have a slightly positive charge

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6
Q

describe and explain the structure of starch - amylopectin?

A

glucose molecules form alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds
It is in a branched form
MORE EASILY HYDROLYSED

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7
Q

describe and explain water high latent heat of vaporisation? give two examples of its uses

A

water requires a large amount of input heat energy to convert liquid water to water vapour and therefore is an effective coolant

effective coolant for sweating as lots of energy needed to evaporate
large bodies of water don’t evaporate quickly

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8
Q

describe and explain waters density?

A

water has a maximum density of 4ºc and below 4ºc, the hydrogen bonds slow down and it expands to form a semi-crystalline structure.

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9
Q

describe how water is a solvent?

A

due to waters polar nature - solvent for other polar substances and ions (shells of water molecules surround them and substances gets dissolved)

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10
Q

describe quaternary structure of a protein?

A

proteins made of 2+ polypeptide (tertiary structure) have quaternary structure.

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11
Q

describe the biuret test?

A

used the detect the presence of peptide bonds ( therefore proteins) - stronger colour means more bonds (colouriometer)
from blue to violet

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12
Q

describe the functions of globular proteins?

A

enzymes, antibodies, plasma proteins, hormones.

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13
Q

describe the primary structure of a protein?

A

the order and number of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, only contains peptide bonds

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14
Q

describe the properties of a fibrous protein? give an example

A

insoluble in water and strong/tough.
collagen - provides the properties in tendons as a single fibre has 3 identical polypeptide chains in a rope structure.

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15
Q

describe the secondary structure of a protein?

A

the shape that polypeptide chains form, maintained by hydrogen bonding.

BETA PLEATED SHEETS
ALPHA HELIX

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16
Q

describe the structure and properties of a unsaturated fatty acid?

A

liquid at room temperature as weaker intermolecular forces
contains carbon double bonds and therefore do not carry the maximum number of hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

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17
Q

describe the structure of a fibrous protein?

A

a fibrous protein has structural functions - polypeptides in parallel chains (cross linkages) to form long fibres.

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18
Q

describe the structure of a globular protein?

A

compact and have tertiary structure (therefore 3D), soluble in water.

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19
Q

describe the structure of a protein with tertiary structure?

A

the folding up of JUST ONE protein with secondary structure onto itself, into a specific 3D shape, that is complex and maintains the active sites shape via bonding between R-groups.

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20
Q

describe the structure of a saturated fatty acids?

A

no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain and carries the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms
solid at room temperature (as stronger intermolecular forces)

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21
Q

describe the structure of a triglyceride?

A

glyerol, ester bonds and three hydrocarbon chains

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22
Q

describe the structure of cellulose?

A

made of beta glucose molecules, joined together by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds
every other glucose molecule is orientated 180º — making balanced chains
consists of many long, parallel, straight chains
forms microfibrils with hydrogen bonds between OH- groups.

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23
Q

describe the structure of chitin?

A

composed of long, straight chains of beta glucose joined by beta 1-4 glycoside bonds.
every glucose molecule has an acetylamine group
every other glucose molecule is rotated 180º allowing for hydrogen bonds to form between OH- groups and form microfibrils

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24
Q

describe the structure of glycogen?

A

forms alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds at adjacent molecules
highly branched structure due to more branch points

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25
describe the structure of starch - amylose?
amylose is composed of alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds at every glucose molecule next to each other it is a chain structure and coils into a helix shape. LESS EASILY HYDROLYSED
26
describe the three monosaccharide combinations and their results?
glucose + glucose = maltose glucose + fructose = sucrose (non-reducing) glucose + galactose = lactose
27
describe the transparency of water?
lets light through for photosynthesis
28
describe the two isomers of (ring form) glucose?
alpha - hydroxyl group is on the bottom on carbon 1 - same as carbon 4. beta - hydroxyl group is on the top (BONER) on carbon 1 - different to carbon 4.
29
describe the uses and properties of glycogen?
storage of energy in animals compact, insoluable, no osmotic effect on the cell MORE EASILY HYDROLYSED THAN PECTIN
30
describe the uses of chitin? **SWEL**
used in the exoskeleton of arthropods strong, lightweight, waterproof
31
describe water as it being a metabolite?
used in metabolic reactions (e.g hydrolysis..)
32
describe waters surface tension?
the **hydrogen bonds** water has give water cohesive properties making it almost sticky
33
explain how waters solvent nature is used as a transport medium in plants and animals?
in animals - soluble products are transported in the blood plasma In plants - used in the xylem (salts/minerals) and phloem (sugars)
34
give an example of a disaccharide?
glucose + glucose —-> (**hydrolysis - adding water**) maltose + water
35
give an example of a globular protein?
haemoglobin (transports oxygen to tissues)
36
how are the polypeptides held together in quaternary structure?
hydrogen bonds, Ionic bonds, dispulpide bonds, hydrophobic interactions.
37
how do poly peptide chains bonds together?
peptide bonds and a condensation reaction (removal of water)
38
how many amino acids does a polypeptide chin contain?
3 or more amino acids
39
how many carbons does fructose have in its ring form?
5
40
identify the differences between haemoglobin and collagen?
haemoglobin - 4 polypeptides, 4 different polypeptides, quaternary structure, associated with haem group. collagen 3 polypeptides, 3 identical polypeptides, secondary structure, no haem group.
41
what are lipids soluble in?
organic solvents and lipids
42
what are proteins made of?
they are polymers (large molecules bonded together) of amino acids
43
what are the 8 overall functions of lipids?
energy reserve - (animals fat under skin and plants in oils) thermal insulator protection water source waterproofing buoyoncy nerves cell membrane
44
what are the differences between triglycerides and phospholipids?
triglycerides - 3 fatty acids, no phosphate group, non-polar phospholipids - 2 fatty acids, phosphate group, polar heads
45
what are the five key inorganic ions?
magnesium, iron, nitrate, phosphate, calcium.
46
what are the four bonds between a protein with tertiary structures R-groups?
hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphide bonds, hydrophobic interactions.
47
what are the nine properties of water?
polarity, hydrogen bonds, solvent, high latent heat of vaporisation, high specific heat capacity, density, surface tension, transparent, metabolite.
48
what are the parts of a phospholipid and what are their properties?
phosphate hydrophilic head - makes it soluble hydrophobic fatty acid tail
49
what are the properties and uses of starch?
storage of energy in plant cells compact, no osmotic effect on the cell, insoluble
50
what are the properties of cellulose? describe microfibrils?
structure in plant walls unreactive, not easily hydrolysed, high tensile strength. hydrogen bonds form between the OH- groups and the molecules become tightly packed together
51
what are the three types of monosaccharides and their properties?
triose - 3 C atoms, C3 H6 O3, important in metabolism. pentose - 5 C atoms, C5 H10 O5, make up nucleotides. hexose - 6 C atoms, C6 H12 O6, used in respiration for energy.
52
what are the two types of secondary structure?
alpha helix, beta pleated sheets
53
what are the uses of water having a high specific heat capacity?
vital for aquatic lifeforms and to maintain thermally stable environment vital for human bodies as 80% water
54
what are the uses of waters density?
water can insulate lakes as only the upper layer freezes ad the liquid water below keeps aquatic life from freezing
55
what are the uses of waters surface tension?
organisms can skate over the top of water as tension is high at the water-air boundary assists the movement of water in xylem - NO ATP
56
what aspects does the structure of a amino acid contain?
amino group, variable group, carboxyl group, peptide bond (between them)
57
what builds up in a diet high in saturated fats?
low denisty of lipoproteins causing the fats to build up in arteries
58
what causes atherosclerosis?
high blood pressure (hypertension) poor diet smoking
59
what causes of heart disease?
atherosclerosis - build up of fats/plaque in the coronary arteries
60
what conclusion can you draw if you add benedicts solution and heat and it changes from blue to brick red?
theres is reducing sugar present
61
what do phospholipids form in water?
micelles - hydrophobic fatty acid tails turn inward to avoid water as non-polar
62
what do polypeptide chains determine?
the infinite amount of polypeptide chains, determines for a proteins function.
63
what is the test for a non-reducing sugar (sucrose)?
get a fresh sample of it and: add acid and heat (hydrolyses the disaccharide and turns into a monosaccharide which can be tested) add alkali add benedicts - blue to brick red
64
what do phospholipids form when there’s enough phospholipids?
forms a phospholipid bilayer when they face eachother
65
what is a chain of amino acids?
polypeptide
66
what is a disaccharide?
two monosaccharides (monomers) join together from a condensation reaction
67
what is a lipoprotein?
combination of lipids and protein that travel around the body after digestion
68
what is a macronutrient?
Nutrient needed in small concentrations
69
what is a micronutrient?
minerals needed in a tiny concentrations
70
what is a monosaccharide?
building blocks for larger carbohydrates made of a single monomer (repeating unit)
71
what is a nucleotide?
building blocks of nucleic acids - ATP, DNA, RNA
72
what is a phospholipid?
a type of diglyceride but with one fatty acid tail is replaced by a phosphate group
73
what is a triglyceride?
a condensation reaction between 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids, bonded by ester bonds.
74
what is a use of a triglyceride?
energy reserve in plant and animal cells
75
what is the biological role of calcium?
HARDENS bones and teeth
76
what is the biological role of iron?
a part of haemoglobin which transports oxygen in red blood cells.
77
what is the biological role of magnesium?
a part of chlorophyll and necessary for photosynthesis
78
what is the biological role of nitrate (nitrogen)?
nitrogen is needed for making nucleotides and amino acid formation.
79
what is the biological role of phosphate?
synthesis of phospholipids found in the cell membrane
80
what is the difference between organic and inorganic? examples.
organic molecule shave lots of C and H atoms - calcium, magnesium, iron inorganic molecules have no more than one C atom - nitrate and phosphate
81
what is the formula for monosaccharides?
(CH2O)n
82
what is the variable group? (how many amino acids types)
20 types of amino acids - variable group varies
83
what occurs with a diet low in saturated fats?
high density of lipoproteins which carry the harmful fats to the liver and dispose of them.
84
what is a structural isomer?
molecules with the same molecular formula but different structure
85
what does starch specifically store in plant cells?
GLUCOSE not energy
86
what do bacteria not have so it cannot replicate?
mitochondria - provide energy via ATP ribosomes - for protein synthesis
87
what are the properties of a triglyceride?
non polar, insoluble in water
88
where is the ester bond on a triglyceride?
on the carbon double bond and the oxygen
89
how do you test for starch?
add iodine, if it goes from brown to blue/black starch is present
90
what is a positive reaction for the prescenxe of starch?
colour change from blue to black - iodine will stay brown if not present
91
what molecules are in an ester bond?
O = C - O
92
what is the structure of amylopectin?
alpha glucose - c1-4 and c1-6 glycosidic bonds branched structure easily hydrolysed but less easily than glycogen
93

biology AS - unit 1 (6 decks)

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