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biology AS - unit 1 > 1.2 cell structure and organisation > Flashcards

1.2 cell structure and organisation Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

are ribosomes smaller in eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

prokaryotes as less complex

(eu = combination of countries, so plant and animal)

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2
Q

define a prokaryotes cell wall? what’s different to a eukaryotes?

A

made of peptidoglycan

made of cellulose

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3
Q

define a prokaryotes flagellum?

A

tail-like structure to move the cell

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4
Q

define a prokaryotes mesosome? what do eukaryotes use instead?

A

infolds of membrane which contains enzymes for respiration

mitochondria

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5
Q

define a prokaryotes pili?

A

hair-like structure to attach to other structures

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6
Q

define cardiac muscles attributes: appearance, nucleus, cell shape, voluntarily, contraction, stamina, function?

A

only found in heart
striated,
rhythmic contractions,
involuntary,
do not tire,
mononucleate,
no completely straight,

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7
Q

define ciliated epithelial tissue?

A

known as (columnar) transports substances like mucus in a sweeping movement (cilia)

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8
Q

define connective areolar tissue? (Lar - larder - ladder)

A

underneath the skin to connect (ladder) tissues and organs

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9
Q

define connective tissue ADipose tissue? (+)

A

fatty (+) cells under skin and around organs

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10
Q

define connective tissue collagen? collag EN

A

forms tENdons connecting muscle to bones

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11
Q

define connective tissue ligaments?

A

elastic tissue that connects bones

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12
Q

define connective tissue?

A

connects, supports, separates tissues and organs
elastic and collagen fibres in matrix

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13
Q

define cuboidal epithelial tissue?

A

square shaped and lines kidney

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14
Q

define epithelial tissue?

A

layer lining surfaces for absorption, structure, barrier - it has no blood vessels

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15
Q

define pseudostratified tissue?

A

ciliated tissue in the respiratory tract

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16
Q

define skeletal muscles attributes: appearance, nucleus, cell shape, voluntarily, contraction, stamina, function?

A

attached to the bones
striated appearance,
parallel shape,
contract powerfully,
tire easily,
voluntary,
multinucleate

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17
Q

define smooth muscles attributes: appearance, nucleus, cell shape, voluntarily, contraction, stamina, function?

A

in the skin and walls of vessels
individually spindle shaped (squiggly),
rhythmic contraction,
involuntary,
non-striated,
mononucleate

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18
Q

define squamous epithelial tissue? (epithelium)

A

flattened cells on a membrane which secreted lubricting substances and facilitates diffusion

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19
Q

define the function of chloroplasts?

A

the grana contain photosynthetic pigment for the chlorophyll

the lamellae ensures teat the grana are connected but not too close

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20
Q

define the function of chromatin?

A

condenses before cell division to form chromosomes

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21
Q

define the function of lysosomes?

A

contains digestive enzymes and receive substances that need digesting
destroys used/worn out cells

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22
Q

define the function of ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis where primary structure is formed

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23
Q

define the function of the centriole?

A

divide during cell division to opposite sides forming the spindle

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24
Q

define the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

packaging proteins (from the RER) and modification of proteins, for secretions from the cell,
INTO VESICLES

producing lysosomes (digestive enzymes inside)

transport of lipids

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25
define the function of the mitochondria?
ATP synthesis by aerobic respiration (which occurs in the cristae)
26
define the function of the nuclear pores?
allows for transport of ribosomes and mRNA out of the nucleus
27
define the function of the nucleus?
nucleus contains DNA which codes for protein synthesis (which occurs in the ribosomes)
28
define the function of the plasmodesmata?
channels between plant cell walls, which facilitates symplastic transport
29
define the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
packaging and storing proteins - produces transport vesicles with merge to the golgi protein synthesis due to the attached ribosomes (rough cannot produce the proteins as already made)
30
define the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
**produce**, package and transports lipids and steroids.
31
define the function of the vacuole?
water enters the vacuole via osmosis and it expands (pushes cell contents the the cell wall for support)
32
define the nucleolus function?
produces mRNA and ribosomes
33
define the structure of a centriole?
formed of a microtubule triplet/spindle forms when it moves to the opposite poles
34
describe the structure of chloroplasts?
double membrane bound, **thylakoid** - the flattened sacs **grana** - stacks of thylakoids vertically **lamellae** - inner membrane of the chloroplast, thylakoids connect the grana - inter-granal thylakoids. **stroma** - fluid filled space which contains starch, DNA, enzymes.
35
define the structure of lysosomes?
single membrane so the digestive enzymes don’t harm the cell
36
define the structure of ribosomes?
either located on the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cell has 2 parts called subunits - large and small which are both needed for protein synthesis
37
define the structure of the golgi apparatus?
stack of more compact membrane bound sacs called cisternae which are stacked onto of each other cis face - receiving side that vesicles enter trans face - leaving side where vesicles leave
38
define the structure of the mitochondria?
has a double membrane cristae - inner membrane folded inwards (maze-like) matrix - organic fluid in the cristae which has chemicals to create its own protein.
39
define the structure of the nucleus?
the nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) this contains pores which allows for substances to move in and out. SEPARATES THE NUCLEUS CONTENTS FROM CYTOPLASM
40
define the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
located near the nucleus normally, is a series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane - has a fluid between the sacs called cisternae RIBOSOMES ON ITS SURFACE MAKING IT ROUGH
41
define the structure of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
near the nucleus, a series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrane called **cisternae** NO RIBOSOMES ATTACHED
42
define the structure of the vacuole?
surrounded by a single celled membrane - tonoplast contains cell sap
43
define transitional tissue?
tissue that stretches (e.g. bladder)
44
describe the journey of a protein? (the interrelation of organelles)
1) ribosomes produced in the nucleolus (pores) and leave to the rough ER/cytoplasm mRNA molecules also leave after transcription via the nuclear pores and attach to the rough ER 2) the mRNA gets synthesised at the ribosome and turns it into the primary structure (polypeptide) of a protein as that is what it codes for 3) rough ER transports the polypeptide to the golgi 4) the golgi modifies the polypeptide chain into their tertiary structure - enzymes 5) enzymes are packaged into vesicles and transported to cell membrane 6) enzymes are released via exocytosis after merging with the cell membrane
45
Is a prokaryote cell smaller or bigger than a eukaryote?
SMALLER
46
what are the 3 muscle tissues?
skeletal smooth cardiac
47
what are the 4 connective tissues?
areolar adipose ligaments collagen
48
what are the 7 systems?
digestive excretory skeletal circulatory reproductive respiratory nervous
49
what are the differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts?
mitochondria in palisade and animal chloroplasts just in palisade mitochondria has matrix inside chloroplasts have stroma chloroplasts have photosynthetic pigments mitochondria do not
50
what are the four functions of epithelial tissue?
protection sensory movement secretion
51
what are the four levels of atoms to systems?
**tissues are a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function** tissues…. organs organs…. organ systems
52
what are the similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts?
double membrane, folded inner membranes own DNA for self replication ribsomes produce ATP
53
what are the unit conversions?
1000nm = 1um 1000um = 1mm 1000mm = 1m 1000m = 1km
54
what is a eukaryotic cell?
contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles PLANT OR ANIMAL
55
what is a prokaryotic cell?
bacteria - no membrane bound organelles and no nucleus, golgi, ER, mitochondria.
56
what is cell theory?
all organisms are composed of cells - the cell is the basic unit of life
57
what is the membrane the epithelial tissue sits on?
basement membrane
58
what is the function of the nucleolus?
produces rRNA (ribosomes), mRNA
59
what does the cell wall provide?
strength and support
60
what is the role of the mitochondria for the ribosome?
produces ATP for protein synthesis and exocytosis

biology AS - unit 1 (6 decks)

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