11 emerging viruses Flashcards
(22 cards)
what are 6 factor contriubting to the emergence of new viruses?
A. Increased population and population density - public health issues
- changes in land use
- international trade
B. Increased travel
C. Changes in social behavior
D. Changes in environment
E. Changes in industry / technology
F. Changes in microorganisms (mutation)
what did the hanta virus emerge?
what is the host?
what area of the US is most affected?
Virus ‘emerged’ due to increased contact with mice due to:
i) high rainfall, ii) plentiful food, iii) increased mouse population
deer mouse
the south west US is affected
what is an arbo virus?
what are the 3 diseases they cause?
Arthropod-borne (Arbo) viruses cause three general types of disease: - Fever ± maculopapular rash
- Encephalitis
- Hemorrhagic fever
what are the 2 arbo viruses that we talked about?
west nile and dengue
what causes the emergence of dengue?
increased range of the vector misquito
what causes the emergence of westnile?
introduction of a virus resivorior to a new area
bird, human, mosquito?
where what the firs causes of west nile in the US noted?
in the brox zoo in 1999
what causes the increase and decreases in the number of west nile causes?
- weather? Mild winter and hot summer … less water so more bird/bug interaction
- ??
what is the resivor for west nile?
birds
then it gets to misquitoes
and they go to a horse or human that is a dead end host
what are the symptoms of west nile?
what are the symptons in the sever disease?
Clinical Features of West Nile Fever
- fever
- fatigue
- swollen lymph glands
- headache
- skin rash on trunk - eye pain
Severe Disease: meningitis, encephalitis
- fever
- ataxia - myelitis
- gastrointestinal symptoms - seizures
- change in mental status
how do you make the diagnosis of west nile?
cinical suspicision
if older adults in the late summer and fall
there has been reports of dead birds in the area
how many serotypes of dengue fever?
4 serotypes
what is dengue fever vs dengue hemmoragic fever?
dengue fever is
fever, muslce or bone pain and
lymphadenopathy
dengue hemmoragic fever is
when you get infected once then you get infected again with a second serotype.
the vasculature gets ruptured. cuases interanl bleeding and stuff like that.
how does the hemmorhagiv fever work with the antibodies and stuff?
yoou get infected once
it makes neutralizign and non neutralizing antibodies to that serotype.
when you get infecte with a new serotype that one binds to the non neutrlizing antibodies and more get into mononuclear cells and
the monocytes release vasocative mediators and increase the vascualr permeability.
this causes hemmorhage.
what is the cheap and expensive way to test for dengue hemmorhagic fever?
cheap- tie a tourniquite around their arm and see all th vessels breaking.
more expensive is to do a elisa test.
why is dengue becoming an increasing concern?
what is the key to dengue protection?
vector control
what is monkeypox?
what causes the reemergence?
Reason for emergence: Change in behavior (pet choice) and movement of virus (and reservoir) into new areas as a result of commerce
what is the signs of monkey pox?
what can you use to vaccine?
Incubation time: about 12 days
- Symptoms: fever, headache, muscle aches, and backache; swollen lymph nodes, fatigue
One to 3 days (or longer) after the fever starts, rash develops -raised bumps filled with fluid, then crusts, scabs, and scabs fall off
you can use the small pox vaccine to treat mpeople.
what caused the emergence of HIV?
- environment: transfer of HIV from Chimp to human; human encroachment on new habitats?
- population/urbanization: often spurred by war
- lifestyle changes: loss of traditional cultural mores, more
sex partners
- poverty: commercial sex trade lead to increased exposure
- Travel / lifestyle: a male flight attendant had 100’s of partners in Carribbean and Latin America in 1980s
- sex trade in asia: exported exposures to other countries
- technology: infected blood products from US between 1980 and 1985 spread virus
