11. Immunity

Question 1

describe the mode of action of phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils)

Question 2

describe the sequence of events that occurs during a primary immune response

Answer 2

reference to-
* macrophages
* B-lymphocytes, including plasma cells
* T-lymphocytes, limited to T-helper cells and T-killer cells

Question 3

explain the role of memory cells in the secondary immune response and in long-term immunity

Question 4

explain what is meant by an antigen and state the difference between self antigens and non-self antigens

Question 5

relate the molecular structure of antibodies to their functions

Answer 5

quaternary structure- protein
teo heavy and two light chains

Question 6

outline the hybridoma method for the production of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 6

(named) small mammal, injected / AW, with CCR5 ; A antigen
2 immune response occurs (over several weeks) ; A immune response described
3 plasma cells / B-lymphocytes / B-cells / splenocytes, extracted from spleen ;
4 plasma cells / B-lymphocytes / B-cells, fused with, myeloma / tumour / cancer / AW, cells (to form hybridomas) ;
5 screening / selection / AW, for hybridomas producing desired, (monoclonal) antibodies ;

Question 7

outline the principles of using monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of disease and in the treatment of disease

Question 8

describe the differences between active immunity and passive immunity

Question 9

describe the differences between natural immunity and artificial immunity

Question 10

what are vaccines

Answer 10

vaccines contain antigens that stimulate immune responses to provide long-term immunity

Question 11

explain how vaccination programmes can help to control the spread of infectious diseases