1.1 Intro to Neuro

Question 1

Some features of the CNS

Answer 1

Cerebral hemispheres,
Brainstem
cerebellum and spinal cord

Question 2

Some features of the PNS

Answer 2

Dorsal and ventral roots
Spinal nerves
Peripheral nerves

Question 3

List some differences between CNS and PNS

Answer 3

CNS is myelinated by oligodendrocytes whereas the PNS is by schwann cells
CNS cannot regenerate axons

Question 4

What is the caudal equine a part of?

Answer 4

PNS

Question 5

What does grey matter consist of? What does it have less of?

Answer 5

Mainly cell bodies and dendrites and is highly vascular
Contains less myelin
Also fewer axons but still has some for communication with white matter

Question 6

What does white matter consist of?

Answer 6

Axons and supporting cells for example oligodendrocytes

Question 7

Why is white matter white?

Answer 7

Due to high myelin content

Question 8

Explain the relationship between oligodenrocytes and axons

Answer 8

1 oligodendrocyte = 100s of axons

Question 9

What is the PNS equivalent of grey matter?

Answer 9

Ganglion, a collection og neuronal ce;; bodies in PNS

Question 10

What is the PNS equivalent of white matter?

Answer 10

Peripheral nerve

Question 11

Where is the basal ganglia found?

Answer 11

In CNS

Question 12

What is a neurone?

Answer 12

Transmits action potentials, it integrates and adds up impulses going to it an decides whether to fire or not- a decision making device.

Question 13

How many segments is the spinal cord made up of?

Answer 13

31

Question 14

What does each segment connect to?

Answer 14

Connects to s apsidal (mixed) nerve through dorsal and ventral (motor) roots

Question 15

What are the sections of white matter?

Answer 15

Ventral, dorsal, and lateral

Question 16

What is a tract? What direction do the impulses travel in?

Answer 16

An anatomically and functionally defined white matter pathway connecting 2 distinct regions of grey matter.
Unidirectional impulses

Question 17

What is a funicular? What direction do impulses travel?

Answer 17

A segment of white matter containing multiple distinct tracts.
Impulses travel in multiple directions

Question 18

What is a fasciculus?

Answer 18

Subdivision of a tract supplying a distinct part of the body

Question 19

How is grey matter organised?

Answer 19

In columns as opposed to tracts, and each column is numbered

Question 20

What is a nucleus?

Answer 20

A distinct population of neurones in the ins that are formed by motor neurones that supply a given muscle from multiple segments

Question 21

Is the nucleus a part of the grey or white matter?

Answer 21

Grey

Question 22

What is the cortex?

Answer 22

A folded sheet of cell bodies found on the surface of the brain structure. 1-5mm thick

Question 23

Is the cortex white or grey matter?

Answer 23

Grey Matter

Question 24

Why is the cortex made of a folded sheath?

Answer 24

Maximises volume so can stuff in as many neurones as possible

Question 25

What is a fibre?

Answer 25

An axon in association with its supporting cells, can be used synonymously with axon

Question 26

Is a fibre white or grey matter?

Answer 26

White matter

Question 27

What are the types of fibre?

Answer 27

Association Commissural Projection

Question 28

What is an association fibre?

Answer 28

It connects cortical regions WITHIN the SAME hemisphere

Question 29

What is a commissural fibre?

Answer 29

Connects left and right hemispheres

Question 30

What is a projection fibre?

Answer 30

Connects the cerebral hemispheres with the cord/brainstem and vice versa

Question 31

Look at lecture for drawings

Answer 31

Go now before you forget

Question 32

Why is the brainstem thicker than the spinal cord?

Answer 32

Due to interneurons

Question 33

What are the main functions of the midbrain?

Answer 33

Eye movements and reflex responses to sound and vision

Question 34

Main functions of the pons?

Answer 34

Feeding and sleep (REM)

Question 35

Main functions of medulla?

Answer 35

Hoemostatic centres- CVS and resp centres and contains the major motor pathway

Question 36

What are the colliculi and where are they found?

Answer 36

Bumos on the back of the midbrain that are the reflex centres, rapid response to visual and auditory stimulus

Question 37

What are gyri?

Answer 37

The bumps

Question 38

What are sulci?

Answer 38

The dips

Question 39

What splits the frontal and parietal lobe?

Answer 39

Centreal sulcus

Question 40

What does the lateral fissure do?

Answer 40

Separates the temporal from frontal/parietal lobes

Question 41

What is the pareito-occipital sulcus

Answer 41

Separates the parietal from the occipital lobe

Question 42

What seperates the visual cortex?

Answer 42

Calcarine sulcus

Question 43

Which features are present in the inferior aspect of the brain?

Answer 43

Optic chasm Uncus Medullary pyramids Parahippocampal gyrus

Question 44

What is the uncus? What is clinically singificant about it?

Answer 44

Part of the temporal lobe that can herniate, compressing the midbrain. Has an important olfactory role. Can herniate easily due to surroundings.

Question 45

What are the medullary pyramids?

Answer 45

The location of descending motor fibres

Question 46

What is the prehippocampal gyrus? What is it important for?

Answer 46

Key cortical region for memory encoding. It is an important point for the converging of stimuli.

Question 47

What are the key features of the midline of the brain?

Answer 47

``` Corpus collosum Thalamus Cingulate gyrus Hypothalamus Fornix Tectu, Cerebellar tonsil LOOK UP ALL LOCATIONS IN THE LECTURE ```

Question 48

Function of the thalamus?

Answer 48

Sensory relay station projecting to sensory cortex

Question 49

Function of Cingulate gyrus?

Answer 49

Cortical area important for emotion and memory

Question 50

Function of Hypothalamus?

Answer 50

Essential centre for homeostasis

Question 51

What is the fornix?

Answer 51

Major output pathway from the hippocampus

Question 52

What is the tectum? And where is it?

Answer 52

Dorsal part of the midbrain involved in involuntary responses to auditory and visual stimuli.

Question 53

What is the cerebellar tonsil? What effect can it have on surrounding structures?

Answer 53

Part of the cerebellum that can herniate and compress the medulla

Question 54

What is the choroid plexus and where can it be found?

Answer 54

Produces the CSF and can be found in the ventricular system

Question 55

What are the functions of CSF?

Answer 55

Metabolic anf mechanical functions. It can act as a buffer It is rich in glucose for metabolism Rich in immune cells

Question 56

Describe the route of CSF movement and circulation

Answer 56

CSF circulates through the ventricular system and subarachnoid space before being absorbed at the arachnoid granulations

Question 57

Where are the arachnoid granulations mainly found?

Answer 57

Superior sagittal sinus

Question 58

How manu ventricles are there?

Answer 58

4

Question 59

What joins the first 2 ventricles?

Answer 59

Intraventricular foraman

Question 60

What is in close proximity to the third ventricle?

Answer 60

2 thalami squash the 3rd ventricle

Question 61

Where dies the third ventricle drain CSF through?

Answer 61

Cerebral aqueduct

Question 62

What are the 3/4 apertures of the 4th ventricle?

Answer 62

Cantral canal of Lateral x 2 Medial

Question 63

What is the name of the lateral aperture?

Answer 63

Foraman of Luschka (L L)

Question 64

What is the name of the medial aperture?

Answer 64

Foraman of Magendie (M M)