1.1 Introduction to pathophysiology and pharmacology

Question 1

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being based on the absence of disease and illness

Answer 1

health

Question 2

an experience of unhealth, often accompanied by disease.

-May occur where no disease is found

Answer 2

illness

Question 3

incorrectly functioning organ, part, structure, or system of the body in an organism

Answer 3

disease

Question 4

acute or chronic illness that causes physiological dysfunction

Answer 4

disease

Question 5

cause of disease (includes risk factor)

Answer 5

etiology

Question 6

how the disease process evolves

Answer 6

pathogenesis

Question 7

gross anatomic, microscopic changes

Answer 7

morphology/histology

Question 8

signs and symptoms

Answer 8

manifestations

Question 9

history, physical exam, diagnostic tests

Answer 9

diagnosis

Question 10

evolution of the disease

Answer 10

clinical course

Question 11

process of empowering people to increase control over their health and its determinants

Answer 11

health promotion

Question 12

remove risk factors (no disease) ex: immunization

Answer 12

primary prevention

Question 13

early detection/treatment (asymptomatic disease) ex:pap smears (screenings)

Answer 13

secondary prevention

Question 14

treatment of disease (clinical course) ex: antibiotics

Answer 14

tertiary prevention

Question 15

the study of disease occurrence

Answer 15

epidemiology

Question 16

number of new cases arising in a population during a specific time

Answer 16

incidence

Question 17

existing disease in a population at a given point in time

Answer 17

prevalence

Question 18

effects an illness has on a person’s life

Answer 18

morbidity

Question 19

causes of death in a given population

Answer 19

mortality

Question 20

probable outcome and prospect of recovery

Answer 20

prognosis

Question 21

the study of biological effects of chemicals

Answer 21

pharmacology

Question 22

inorganic compounds: plants, animals products

Answer 22

natural sources of drugs

Question 23

genetic engineering alter bacteria to produce chemicals that are therapeutic and effective

Answer 23

synthetic sources of drugs

Question 24

chemicals tested on lab animals

Answer 24

preclinical trials

Question 25

chemicals tested on human volunteers

Answer 25

phase l studies (drug evaluation)

Question 26

drug tried on informed patients

Answer 26

phase ll studies

Question 27

drug used in vast clinical market

Answer 27

phase lll studies

Question 28

continual evaluation of drug

Answer 28

phase lV studies

Question 29

pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus

Answer 29

category A: pregnancy

Question 30

animal-no risk to fetus/no studies in pregnant women/ or/ animal studies show adverse effect/risk have not been shown to pregnant women in first/last trimester

Answer 30

Category B: pregnancy

Question 31

animal studies have shown adverse effect on fetus but none in humans, the benefit from drug may be acceptable

Answer 31

category C: pregnancy

Question 32

evidence of human fetal risk but the benefits may be acceptable, despite the risk

Answer 32

Category D: pregnancy

Question 33

studies show abnormalities in both animal and human fetus/ the benefits do not outweigh the risk

Answer 33

category x: pregnancy

Question 34

must be prescribed by a physician, goes through 4 phases of evaluation

Answer 34

prescription drugs

Question 35

available without prescription, many cons

Answer 35

OTC

Question 36

has same therapeutic effect for cheaper price/ ingredients name listed

Answer 36

generic

Question 37

legal name in which the company does business/ usually patented

Answer 37

brand/trade name

Question 38

DEA monitors prescription distribution, storage, and use/ ranked by #. bigger number= less abusive risk

Answer 38

controlled substance

Question 39

high abuse potential and no acceptable medical use: heroine, LSD

Answer 39

C1

Question 40

high abuse potential with severe dependency liability: morphine; narcotics, amphetamine

Answer 40

C2

Question 41

less abuse potential with moderate dependency liability

Answer 41

C3

Question 42

less abuse with limited dependency liability

Answer 42

C4

Question 43

limited abuse potential/ may be purchased OTC

Answer 43

C5

Question 44

easily accessible, treatment at home

Answer 44

benefits OTC

Question 45

misuse, reaction w/ other medications, allergies, not enough medication, mask underlying conditions

Answer 45

risks OTC

Question 46

science of how a drug affects an organism/ chemical reaction that occurs continuously in the body

Answer 46

pharmacodynamics

Question 47

how the organism affects the drug: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Answer 47

pharmacokinetics

Question 48

drug that occupies receptors and activates them

Answer 48

agonist

Question 49

drug that occupies receptor but does not activate them

Answer 49

antagonist

Question 50

drug that occupies receptor and decreases its function

Answer 50

inverse agonist

Question 51

age: elders absorption/ metabolism slows down sex: different hormones cultural: preferences genetic: history of conditions

Answer 51

alteration of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Question 52

the amount of drugs needed to cause a therapeutic effect

Answer 52

critical concentration

Question 53

the concentration of the drug that reaches the body depends on the pharmacokinetics of drug and how often it needs to be administered

Answer 53

dynamic equilibrium

Question 54

site of entry

Answer 54

absorption

Question 55

to the active site

Answer 55

distribution

Question 56

metabolism in the liver

Answer 56

biotransformation

Question 57

from the body

Answer 57

excretion