11: Nature, self + development Flashcards by maliyana limbu

What is the system phenomena?

system organises the group

- group organises the individual

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How did Macy (1991) define “The self”?

metaphor

we can decide to limit it to our skin, our person, our family, our organisation or our species
We can select its boundaries in objective reality

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What are the different levels of self?

Personal
Interpersonal
Ecological

within one another

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What is the 2 model of the human self from an infant’s perspective according to the developmental psychological theory?

Ecological self
Interpersonal self
= relational self

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What is the ecological self (Naess, 1985)?

sense of self that extends beyond one’s biographic or personal sense of self
to include other life-forms
Supported by Biophilia

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What is biophilia (Wilson, 1984)?

Human being have an innate affiliation w/ the natural world

- fundamental to well-being

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What is the interpersonal self (Winnicott, 1953)?

Sense of self shared with other people

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What does the relational self mean?

humans are embodied
self is psyche-soma (Winnicott, 1954)
physical experiences
non-conceptual connectedness of human beings to each other + their environment = Seeing, hearing, feeling, touch

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Relational self is the foundation for what (Neisser, 1993)?

is foundation for other forms of self-knowledge are built (Neisser, 1993)
- imaginative self = narrative self

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Is the mental self-concept separate from the body?

not separate from body - emerges and stays connected to body

mind = elaboration of somatic parts, feelings + physical aliveness

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What is true self (continuity of being) is based on the growth of what?

Psyche-soma growth

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Describe how a false self develops?

being overly identified with the mind
happens when there is an abnormal environmental
= opposition between mind+ psyche-soma

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What happens when there is an opposition between mind + psyche-soma?

thinking then doesn’t start relating to the environment - takes in charge of taking care of the psyche-soma
= not needing external world
= mind-psyche = pathology

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What are some examples of mind-psyche?

negative schemas
mind wandering/ rumination
Disembodiment

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What was found when anorexia patients were asked to take part in body yoga + mindfulness VS psychoeducation?

reported feeling more…

at one with their body
at one with self

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What do modern developmental psychologist say about the importance of interpersonal + ecological self after the self-concept has developed?

once self-concept has developed, the interpersonal + ecological self become less important
= so self defined as self-concept
= thoughts, feelings, actions

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What cultural difference did they find when Japanese and Americans did the who are u test?

Japan = more relational self = I am a human being
VS USA (Cousins, 1989)

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What was found when self-awareness between Scottish + Zambian children were tested (Ross et al, 2017)?

different culture growing up with different concept of self

Urban Scottish = better at conceptual self-recognition

Rural Zambian = better at relational self-recognition

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How can you test for self-awareness of conceptual self in infants?

mirror recognition test

can they recognise themselves?
often only when 24 months can do = idea of me has developed

How can you test for self-awareness of relational self in infants?

shopping cart with blanket with them being an obstacle

What are systems?

composed of units that have some relationship to each other and are organised around those relationships

What does human nature mean?

our interdependent relationship with nature + family

- cannot escape of the impressions of relationships

What difference was observed between the Scottish + Zambian infants - potential explanation for results?

Scottish infant = more language used

Zambia = more body communication

xp = consciousness about self

To be creative, what do you need time to do according to Gopnik (2009)?

time to build knowledge about yourself

- ideally childhood

Why do comments such as "What a good girl, pretty girl" = develop their concept of self?

= see self as an objective thought = illusion that you have xp it = self continues to exist without direct contact with psyche-soma = self no longer xp but an idea = concept what u did to get the praise = forgotten but the comment remembered

In what way may the early emergence of self concept = development of false self?

- not incorporating the accumulated knowledge into self-concept - BUT depends on ecology

What factor determines whether the self is stable?

If ecology is stable | Naess, 1985

What does attachment tell us?

- interpersonal ecology (self) | - quality of caregiver relationship = first key relationship

In what ways is modern caregiving becoming increasingly divergent from human nest (Hewitt + Lamb, 2005)?

- household size decreasing - increased divorce rate - working parents - outdoor play time - less breastfeeding

What did Harlow's Infant Rhesus monkey find and suggest about infants?

- infants going to clothed mother even when it didn't have food = Infant born with a drive to attach (Bowlby, 1960)

What is human nest + why is it important (Narvaez et al, 2013)?

ecology = promoted secure attachment

Describe some human nest characteristics

1. Soothing perinata xp (no separation from mother) 2. Breastfeeding on request/ nursed frequently for 2-5 years 3. Affectionate touch 4. Responsivity 5. Free play 6. Social embeddedness Emphasis on shared bodily experiences, not so much emphasis on language

What did Konarth et al (2014) fins about the trend of attachment?

- growing trend towards greater insecure attachment in the last 10-15 years - students saying they are okay with no close relationship

How did insecurely attached children perform in mirror self-recognition + its relationship with mental illness?

- higher mirror self-recognition test passing at earlier age = link between attachment + self-recognition (Concept self) = both linked to mental illness

What are the different ways wider ecological changes have been linked to health?

- climate change + pollution (Hayes et al, 2018) - Relocation - Dramatic loss of wildlife populations (WWF, 2018)

What do the different way in wider ecological changes have been linked to health tells us about our belief of self (David Bohm, 1994)?

= locating self in mind = self-centered = not treating thought objectively = destruction of the system = negative ecological changes

So how can we embed the isolated self concept back to ecological self?

1. Attention restoration theory | 2. Family therapy

What is the attention restoration theory?

2 types of attention 1. Direct - lots of effort + voluntary 2. Indirect - little effort since natural when you go out side in nature = fascination = indirect attention employed VS everyday environment = needs lots of directed attention nature = better for urban fatigue recovery

What did Hatig et al (1991) find when they sent backpacker on a wilderness VS urban VS no vacation on their proof reading performance?

- Wilderness = better result in proof reading task VS Decline in rest = affecting cognitive - nothing on mood

What did Hatig et al (1991) find when they sent ppt on an urban VS nature walk on their proof reading performance?

nature walk = better performance

What type of setting did Ulrich et al (1991) find to produce a greater stress recovery response?

Natural setting

What type of picture = less post-operative anxiety during open-heart surgery (Ulrich et al, 1990)?

Nature pictures | VS abstract/ no pictures

What evidence is there supporting the use of animal therapy?

Human contact with animals promotes physiological health + emotional well-being - autism, depression, substance use, trauma

What is the idea of family therapy based on?

family being made up of an interrelated set of individuals (system ties individuals together) - behaviour of each individual within the system influences other members

What did Minuchin (1974) say about family?

Family is the matrix of selfhood

What did the London Depression Intervention Trial by Leff et al (2000) find the differences were between couple therapy vs medication for the treatment of depression?

- couples therapy better accepted as there were less dropped out - quicker + enduring decrease in depression