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Clinical Psychology > 3: Depression > Flashcards

3: Depression Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 2 ways you can split mood disorders?

A
  1. Depressive disorders
    - major depression
    - Seasonal Affective Disorder
  2. Bipolar disorders
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2
Q

What is the difference between bipolar and depression disorders?

A 
- Pattern of mood shift
Bipolar = high manic + low depression
Depression = normal mood + depression 
- absence of mania in depression 
- cyclical nature
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3
Q

What is dsythymia?

A
  • form of depression that doesn’t have a cyclical nature in mood
  • at least 2 years of depressed mood
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4
Q

What is the difference between the 2 types of bipolar disorders?

A 
B1: 
- periods of depression
- alt w/ full mania
B2:
- episodes of depression 
- alt w/ hypomania (less impairment than full mania)
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5
Q

Although hypomania = less impairment than full mania for B2 patients, what explanation is there for the higher suicide rate among B2 vs B1 patients?

A
  • 24% vs 17% Rihmer + Kiss, 2002

- B1 = full mania = also xp extreme mood elevation vs B2

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6
Q

Accodring to Freud, what is the difference between mood and depression?

A

mourning (mood)

  • world has become poor
  • doesn’t effect how they feel about themselves

melancholia (Depression)
- ego has become poor

  • *sad mood have trigger vs depression
    • sad mood = feeling + emotions vs depression = flattened effect
  • *changes in sleep highly associated with sleep
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7
Q

What is the diagnosis criteria length for depression in the DSM5?

A
  • need to have 5 specific symptoms or more within 2 week period
  • symptoms should not be result of other medical conditions/ medication
  • no history of mania/ hypomania
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8
Q

What are the diagnosis criteria in the DSM5 for depression?

A
  1. depressed mood for most of the day
  2. Loss of interest of things they found enjoyable before
  3. Weight-loss/ hypoinsomia
  4. tiredness/ less movement
  5. diminishing ability of concentrating
  6. recurrent thoughts of death
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9
Q

Why was it an issue when bereavement = no diagnosis of depression regardless of it ticking other boxes in previous DSM?

A
  • why the exception?

- denies ppl help

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10
Q

How is bereavement justified in the DSM5 for the diagnosis of depression?

A

normal vs abnormal response

- abnormal = diagnosis

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11
Q

What are some differences between grief vs depression?

A
  • grief = response to external vs internal
  • grief = think about death vs ideas of taking own life
  • grief = time heals vs not quiet the same
  • grief = intensity difference
  • grief = sudden changes vs continuously there

2 weeks for symptoms to persist is pretty short esp considering grief

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12
Q

Why is major depression considered a syndrome?

A
  • combination of symptoms comming together = wear people down
  • perists
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13
Q

Why is major depression called a mood disorder even tho it has so many symptoms which are not related with emotions?

A
  • affective changes are prioritiesed
  • high negative + low negative mood are KEY symptoms tht must be present
  • high + low positivt affect
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14
Q

What was found when Watson et al (1988) played 3 difference piece of music and asked ppt to share how they felt?

RT:

A
  1. :( minor key slow tempo
  2. major key fast tempo :)
  3. minor key fast tempo = :)/:(

= can feel both happy + sad at the same time = separate dimension and not a continnumu

= can feel posivtie + negative affect
- they fluctuate independently from each other (Watson et al, 1988)
feeling one doesn’t mean you cant feel the other

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15
Q

Who is RT?

A

11 year old who begins to lose interest in his usual activities and engaged in more physical fights
- social withdrawal + isolation
= no signs of feeling depressed/ sad but the low positive affect is noticeable
- often beginning of depression
- showing importance of why this is emphasised in the diagnosis

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16
Q

What did the 2014 study on the general population on loneliness fine?

A

2014:
= 1/10 ppl = have no close friend 2014
= couldn’t count work colleagues as friends
- important since we are spending more time at work
= young ppl saying they haven’t xp love

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17
Q

What did the 2018 BBC survey on loneliness find?

A

2018 BBC Survey
= 33% very often felt lonely
= 40 16-25 = loneliness
- challenges current mindset that mostly old people feel loneliness but actually a large proportion of younger kids do to

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18
Q

What De Jong + Van Tilburg (1999) find about loneliness among over 55 and Asher et al (1984) among elementary school children?

A

De Jong + Van Tilburg, 1999
= 32% over 55 feeling lonely

Asher et al, 1984
= 10% of elementary children report loneliness

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19
Q

social withdrawal + isolation are common features of depression. Why is this important?

A

results in them being lonely

= loneliness is associated with depression + suicidal ideation (Beutel et al, 2017)

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20
Q

What did the animal study on rat by Levine et al (1997) find about cortisol levels when rats were housed alone VS in groups?

Study These Flashcards
A

= know group to alone = sharp increase in cortisol

= alone to new group = cortisol decrease

21
Q

What did Asher et al (2003) find about how humans responded to being socially isolated?

Study These Flashcards
A

socially isolated = stress level go up in humans too

  • loneliness not same as social isolation
  • be around people = still able to feel loneliness

= loneliness = perceived isolation

22
Q

What did Wilson, T.D et al (2014) find when ppt were put in a plain room?

Study These Flashcards
A

majority = found unpleaseant

= some preferred giving electric shocks esp men

23
Q

What does the term humania mean?

Study These Flashcards
A

coined by Taylor, 2012
- normal state of mind is discourse
- perceived as being isolated
since we keep our attention on external things

24
Q

depressed= heightened self focus + consciousness. How did Ingram + smith (1984) justify this?

Study These Flashcards
A

= end up being focused on internal vs external

= more lonely

25
How common is depression?
WHO 2012; 5/20% xp depression at least once in lifetime from all ages - less/ more depending on where you live/ = chronic medical conditions + poverty - high change of depression leading cause of disability world wide - can = risk factor for physical health conditions
26
What are the 3 reasons for why we should pay attention to major depression? 4. Suicide
1. Recurrence 2. Age of Onset 3. Suicide
27
What are some potential explanation for why there is a higher diagnosis of depression among females than male during adolescence?
- increased/ changes in female role in society -men actually less likely to seek help due to stigma = high suicide rate in men - hormones - oestrogen = sad mood
28
why we should pay attention to major depression: recurrence?
- after initial exp - after 50% will xp again - more episode you have the more at risk you are at it reoccurring >3 episode = 70-80% risk in the next 12 months - often then don't need an external trigger/ stressor = history reducing threshold
29
why we should pay attention to major depression: Age of Onset?
- often thought depression was a late life problem BUT NOW: - common age for first depressed = during adolescent - Age of onset predicts persistence + severity of depression (Pine et al, 1988) = more severe
30
Why has the age of onset for major depression become lower?
- more aware of it and diagnosing it? Shift in age actually real as suggested by... - same questions asked - there is just many more stressors illnesses - suicide rates in young people have also gone up
31
why we should pay attention to major depression: Suicide?
- WHO, 2012 60% suicide takes place when they are xp mood disprders = depression - could cut out 80% suicide if we but out depression
32
Describe the timing nature of suicide
suicidal ideation - not much time between thinking + doing it - 90% unplanned - 60% planned and takes place within the first year
33
Why is suicide often difficult to detect?
1. Small time gap between suicide ideation + suicide 2. often have rational out look - 1/3 leave a rational reflection note together
34
What are the 3 explanation here for why depression develops?
1. Bio - neurotransmitter imbalance - Monoamine hyp - genetics 2. environment - traumatic event = learned helplessness 3. Cognitive - Attribution style Theory
35
What is the monoamine hyp?
low seretoning + adrenaline/ norepinephrine produces depressed mood (Coppen 1967, Schildkraut 1965) - v little evidence LOL - pharmaceutical industries latched onto idea = antidepressants widely available
36
How did the monoamine hyp come about?
accident: 1. Reserpine - hypertension - reduced lvl of seretonin = more depressed mood reported as side effect Harris 1957 2. Isoniazine - tuberculosis - increased lvl of seretonin = more happy reports Robitzek et al 1952
37
How do antidepressants work?
- low lvlv at synaptic cleft of serotonin - re-uptake naturally - drug blocks re-uptake = more left in synaptic cleft
38
antidepressant = 1st approach for severe depression but what are some problem with antidepressants?
1. Many don't respond - remission rate = 50% - tend to work better for mild depression 2. time scale problem - drugs = lvl of monoamine normalise quickly - but mood doesn't improve at same rate - not sure about how they work 3. increased risk of suicide - so not good for younger ppl (Sharma et al, 2016) 4. do little to address underlying reasons (Hirschfield, 2001)
39
What evidence is there to suggest that genetic has a role to play in the development of depression?
``` - twins studies MZ = 60/70 % DZ = 20/30% concordance McGuffin et al 1996 - but could be due to shared environment so lack of clarity ```
40
What is the environmental explanation for the development of depression?
- traumatic event, esp first onset | = learned helplessness (Seligman et al, 1968)
41
What is learned helplessness?
- theory of depression that argues people become depressed following unavoidable negative life events because they learn to become 'helpless'
42
What evidence is there supporting learned helplessness?
research in animals - animals + uncontrolled shock = nothing could be done to avoid - part 2 - there is a escape but just passively accept shock = learnt to become helpless since it was unavoidable Similar findings in humans with distressing sounds
43
What is an explanation for why people become helpless?
= loss of control = the ability to modify outcomes by voluntary responding (Seligman et al, 1968) having control = more likely to make effort so no control = less effort
44
What are some issues with the learned helplessness theory?
TOO simplistic - not all life stress = depression - not just exp = helpless (Brown + Harris 1978) - actually the inference of events? (Klein et al, 1976)
45
What did Klein et al (1976) find when depressed + non-depressed ppt were asked to do an anagram after they had been placed in an insolvable situation challenging the learned helplessness theory?
= non-depressed exp insolvable = same response as those with depression BUT - response could be changed by changing attribution - internal blame = helplessness =
46
What did Klein et al (1976) conclude about learned helplessness?
helplessness dependent on the attributions people made (Klein et al 1976) - internal attribution of failure = helplessness = shift from environmental to psychological =Attribution style theory
47
According to the attribution style theory, what do depressed individuals attribute the casue of negative events to?
1. Internal vs external 2. Stable vs unstable - never change 3. Global vs specific factors - something which they always do rather than just one-off = attribution style = long-lasting + pervasive depression
48
Although the attribution style theory suggested to be able to predict depression, why did this theory not pick up?
- same time, another cognitive model was around: | Arron Beck's model which actually had a treatment

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