11) Physical and Chemical control of Microbes Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
__________ is the physical, chemical, mechanical methods to destroy, reduce microbes in a given area
A
decontamination
2
Q
The hardest bacteria to kill is?
A
Bacillus cereus
3
Q
The easiest bacteria to kill is?
A
Bread mold(Rhizopus)
4
Q
________ is permanent loss of reproductive capability, even under optimum growth conditions
A
microbial death
5
Q
Microbial death is hard to detect because microbes often do not show _________ to begin with
A
vital signs
6
Q
Modes of action of antimicrobial agents fall into four categories:
- cell wall
- cell membrane
- _______ synthesis
- alter _______ function
A
nucleic acid
protein
7
Q
_________ mode of action causes the cell wall to become fragile and will lyse(explode) by osmotic pressure
A
Cell wall
8
Q
________ mode of action causes the cell loses its selective permeability and cannot prevent the loss of vital molecules or the entry of damaging chemicals
A
Cell membrane
9
Q
________ synthesis mode of action binds to DNA, causing mutations in DNA, preventing transcription and translation
A
Nucleic acid
10
Q
Altering ________ function mode of action denaturalizes protein and prevents from working (meaning no chemical reactions)
A
protein
11
Q
6 factors that govern the effectiveness of a particular agent
- Exposure time
- concentration of the agent,
- number of _________
- pH of the environment
- modes of ______
- present of solvents or interfering _______
A
organisms
action
substances
12
Q
Physical _______ are methods of physical control
A
agents
13
Q
When using dry heat at moderate to high temperature dehydration alters _______ structure and incineration occurs
A
protein
14
Q
When using moist heat at lower temperatures with a shorter exposure time _______ and denaturation of proteins occurs
A
coagulation
15
Q
What kind of cells does moist heat kill?
A
Vegetative cells
16
Q
Autoclaving uses what type of microbial control?
A
Sterilization
17
Q
Autoclaving sterilization is used for?
A
Media, use media, glassware, some surgical equipment
18
Q
Auto cleaning should heat objects up to 121 degrees Celsius at 15 PSI for how long?
A
10 to 40 minutes
19
Q
Intermittent sterilization is equal to?
A
tyndallization
20
Q
What type of method of microbial control is tyndallization?
A
Disinfectant
21
Q
tyndallization was developed by?
A
John Tyndall
22
Q
Tyndallization is exposed to what type of steam?
A
Free flowing
23
Q
Tyndallization is heated to 100 degrees Celsius for 30 to 60 minutes on three successive days with what in-between?
A
Incubation periods
24
Q
Tyndallization is used for?
A
Sensitive culture media ( sera, egg, carbohydrates)
25
During pasteurization heat is applied to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage without destroying the food flavour, but foods are not...?
Sterile
26
High-temperature short- time(HTST) is heated to what temperature?
72 degrees Celsius for 15 SEC
27
High-temperature short- time(HTST) is used for?
Milk (flash method)
28
Ultra high temperature method (UHT) is heated to what temperature?
138 degrees Celsius for 2 SEC
29
Ultra high temperature method (UHT) is used for?
Organic milk, small serving sizes of Creamer that are commercially sterile
30
Is pasteurization sterilization?
No
31
Pasteurization kills what type of microbe?
Non-spore forming pathogens
32
Pasteurization is used for?
Milk, juices, cream, alcoholic beverages
33
What method of microbial control is boiling water?
Disinfection
34
When using boiling water as a disinfection method of microbial control should heat the water to what temperature?
100 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes
35
Boiling water/ disinfection is used for?
Unsafe drinking water, home canning, materials for baby
36
What method of microbial control is a dry oven?
Sterilization
37
When using a dry oven as a sterilization method of microbial control the temperature should be at?
150 - 180 degrees Celsius for 2-4 hours
38
Dry oven sterilization is used for?
Glassware, powders, oils, metals
39
What method of microbial control is incineration?
Sterilization
40
Incineration sterilization when using a bunsen burner at 1870 degrees Celsius is used for?
Inoculating needles and loops
41
Incineration sterilization when using a furnace incinerator should be heated to 800 to 6500 degrees Celsius and used for?
Medical waste
42
Microbiostatic means?
Slows the growth of microbes
43
What does refrigeration at 0-7 degrees Celsius cause microbes to do?
Slows the growth of microbes
44
Where is using refrigeration at 0- 7 degrees Celsius to slow the growth of microbe used?
Home kitchens and labs
45
Refrigeration at 0-7 degrees Celsius is used to?
Presume foods, medical supplies, and cultures
46
What does freezing microbes at less than 100 degrees Celsius do?
Stops the growth and kills some susceptible organisms
47
Freezing microbes below zero degrees Celsius is used in home kitchens and laboratories to...?
Store foods and some microorganisms
48
What Is dessication?
Gradual removal of water from cells that leads to metabolic inhibition
49
Is desiccation and effective microbial control?
No because some cells retain ability to grow when water is reintroduced.
50
Desecration is used for foods such as?
Raisins, Prunes, jerky
51
Lyophilization is...?
Freeze drained or "snap-frozen"
52
Lyophilization combines freezing and..?
cold
53
Lyophilization is effective for?
Controlling microbial growth
54
Lyophilization is used in the food industry and the lab for?
Long-term storage of microbial cultures
55
Radiation waves or particles bombard molecules in a...?
cell
56
Radiation damages molecules, but the most sensitive is...?
DNA
57
Radiation creates bonds or causes breakages known as...?
mutations
58
Does ionizing radiation create ions?
yes
59
Does nonionizing radiation create ions?
No
60
Ionizing radiation is deep penetrating and has energy to cause electrons to...?
Leave their orbit, and breaks DNA
61
Gamma rays are...?
x-rays, cathode rays
62
Are gamma rays hot or cold sterilization?
Cold
63
Gamma rays sterilized materials that are sensitive to...?
Heat or chemicals
64
Gamma rays are used to cut down microbial loads in anything medical related that can be...?
reused
65
Gamma rays are used in food such as...?
Flower, pork, ground beef, fruits, vegetables and juices
66
UV light create pyrimidine dimers which interfere with...?
replication
67
Ultraviolet ray (UV) range in wavelengths from...?
100nm- 400nm
68
Most lethal wavelength of ultraviolet rays (UV) is...?
260nm
69
Germicidal lamp that meets a specific wavelength of UV is placed on...?
Ceilings, upper part of walls or air ducts.
70
A germicidal lamp is used for...?
Hospital rooms, operation rooms, schools, nursing homes, food processing plants, slaughterhouses, wastewater
71
Filtration involves straining a liquid or air through a layer of material with openings large enough for liquid or air to pass through but too small for...?
Microorganisms
72
A depth filter includes..?
Sand, charcoal, diatomaceous earth
73
A membrane filter includes...?
cellulose acetate or plastic
74
Depth filters and membrane filters have a poor diameter of...?
8 - .02mm
75
HEPA filters stand for...?
High efficiency particulate air
76
HEPA filters filter bacteria, endospores, and many viruses with a pore diameter of...?
.3mm
77
HEPA filters used in...?
Cars, airplanes, home, biological safety cabinets, as well as hospital settings such as surgical suits burn units isolation units
78
Membrane filters filter water with a pore diameter of...?
.2mm
79
Membrane filters filter heat sensitive media and...?
Beer and wine
80
High level germicides kill...?
Endospores
81
Intermediate level germicides kill...?
Fungal spores, not endospores
82
Intermediate level germicides disinfect devices that come into contact with...?
Mucus membranes
83
Low level germicides eliminate only...?
vegetative bacteria, fungal cells, some viruses
84
Low level genocides clean services that...?
Skin touch
85
Chemical agents occur in what states...?
Liquid , gas, or solid
86
Chemical agents vary from antiseptics to disinfectants to...?
Sterilants
87
If a solid chemical agent may be dissolved in water it is...?
Aqueous
88
If a solid chemical agent may be dissolved in alcohol it is...?
tincture
89
Phenol is also known as...?
Carbolic acid
90
Joseph Lister (1860's) used phenol to clean...?
Surgical hands and wounds
91
Acrid is a poisonous compound derived from distilling coal tar and is an irritant of the...?
Skin
92
Joseph Lawrence (1836-1909) developed listerine and oral antiseptics made with...?
Alcohol related compounds
93
Products of phenol are called?
Phenolics
94
Phenolics disrupt cell walls and membranes and...?
Precipitate proteins
95
Phenolics a little to intermediate level that is bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal but not...?
Sporicidal
96
Phenolics are used for...?
Antibacterial soaps, disinfectants, mouthwashes, throat lozenges
97
And example of phenolics is...?
Lysol
98
Chlorhexidine is a chemical agent that is a compound and...?
2 phenolic rings
99
Chlorhaxidine is also called...?
Chloheidine gluconate
100
Chlorhaxidine is a surfactant and protein denaturant with broad...?
Microbicidal properties
101
Chlorhaxidine is what type of solution?
Alcoholic or aqueous
102
Chlorhaxidine is used to control MRSA and Acinetobacter outbreaks in...?
Hospitals
103
Chlorhaxidine is used for...?
Hand scrubbing, skin surgery sites, injections, wounds, neonatal wash, also used in a preservative and eye solutions
104
Alcohols are used to incinerate enveloped...?
Viruses
105
Ethyl alcohol or ethanol is also called...?
Grain alcohol
106
Isopropyl alcohol or propanol is also called...?
Rubbing alcohol
107
Alcohols have what type of functional group?
OH
108
Alcoholics are a intermediate level chemical agent that act as surfactants to dissolve...?
Membrane lipids and coagulating proteins of vegetative bacterial cells and fungi
109
Alcohols are used for...?
Swab skin, before injection, hand sanitizers, disinfect surfaces
110
Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) is a colorless liquid that decomposes in...?
Presence of light or metals
111
What percentage of hydrogen peroxide is potent enough to sterilize(sporicidal)?
6-25%
112
Hydrogen peroxide is used for...?
Antiseptic for skin, wound, bed sore, mouthwash, toothache, contact lens cleaner, surgical implants, plastic equipment
113
The active ingredients in nearly one third of all antimicrobial chemicals currently being marketed include?
Halogens
114
Halogens include...?
Fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine
115
The two most commonly used halogens are...?
chlorine and iodine
116
What does chlorine do to cells?
Denaturalizes proteins by disrupting disulfide bonds
117
The chemical agent chlorine is what level of a chemical agent?
Intermediate level
118
Chlorine is less effective if exposed to...?
Light, alkaline pH, organic materials
119
Two major forms of chlorine are?
Liquid and gas
120
Liquid chlorine is the chosen cleaner to treat what bacteria?
C. diff
121
Another term for liquid chlorine bleach is?
Hypochlorites
122
Liquid chloramine is used to treat?
Water
123
Cl2 or chlorine gas is used to treat?
water
124
Chlorine dioxide gas is used as a sterilization method of...?
Enclosed areas or disinfection of water
125
Chlorine is used for?
Large scale disinfection of drinking water, sewage, swimming pools, restaurants, canneries, wounds, irrigate root canals
126
Iodine is a pungent blue-black element that forms a brown solution when dissolved in...?
water
127
Iodine is a intermediate level chemical agent that interferes with...?
Disulfide bonds of proteins
128
Iodine has three types of solutions which are?
Iodophor tincture iodine, aqueous iodine
129
Iodophor is less toxic, less staining, and is iodine with neutral protein polymer of what percent iodine?
2-10%
130
Common products of Iodophor are..?
Betadine and povidone
131
Tincture is an antiseptic made up of..?
2-3% iodine in 70% alcohol
132
Aqueous iodine is an antiseptic made up of?
2-3% iodine in water
133
Iodine solutions are used for?
Skin prep for surgery, burns, vaginal infections, surgical hand scrubbing and disinfecting equipment
134
The halogen fluorine is used in?
Toothpaste and drinking water
135
The halogen bromine is used in?
Hot tubs
136
Aldehydes have what type of functional group?
CHO
137
Two most commonly used aldehydes are?
Glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde
138
Formaldehyde is a sharp, irritating gas that dissolves readily to form a?
Aqueous solution called formalin
139
Formaldehyde creates a solution called formalin that is what percent of formaldehyde gas in water?
37%
140
Formaldehyde is extremely toxic on skin and mucous membranes, and also classified as a?
Carcinogen
141
Formaldehyde is used for?
Surgical instruments, biological specimens, embalming fluid, vaccine preparation
142
Glutaraldehyde is less toxic and irritating with a yellow acidic liquid and ..?
odor
143
Glutaraldehyde is a rapid and broad spectrum chemical that is a sterilant and kills spores in less than...?
3 hours
144
What aldehyde chemical is used in a special device known as a chemiclave?
Glutaraldehyde
145
Glutaraldehyde is used for?
Respiratory therapy and kidney dialysis equipment, endoscopes, alternative for vaccine preservative
146
Gaseous agents include...?
Ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and chlorine oxide
147
Ethylene oxide is a colorless substance that is a gas at what temperature?
Room temperature
148
What gaseous agent chemical is highly explosive in air and is mixed with carbon dioxide when using ETO sterilizer?
Ethylene oxide
149
Which gaseous agent is accepted as a chemical sterilizing agent?
Ethylene oxide
150
Everyone outside is very toxic and rated as a?
Carcinogen
151
Ethylene oxide is used for?
Prepackage medical supplies that are plastics, pacemakers, artificial heart valves, disinfectant of food such as spices dried fruits and drugs
152
Heavy metals that are used in chemical control of microbes are?
Mercury, silver, gold, copper, arsenic, zinc
153
The most commonly used low level heavy metals are?
Mercury and silver
154
Mercury and silver are used to kill?
Vegetative cells in low concentrations
155
Mercury and silver do what to cells?
Inactivate proteins
156
Heavy metal germicide contain a metallic salt and are in the form of?
Equations solutions, tinctures, ointments or soaps
157
Mercury tinctures are .001-.2% in what solution?
Alcohol
158
Mercury tinctures are used for?
Skin antiseptics, preservative in cosmetics and ophthalmic solutions
159
Mercurochrome is also known as?
Monkey's blood (1919- 1998)
160
Merthiolate/ thimerosal was wrongly associated with?
Autism
161
Silver nitrate is used to prevent eye infections in...?
Newborns
162
Silver sulfadiazine ointments are used for...?
Burn patients
163
Band-aids, surgical bandages can also contain what heavy metal?
sliver
164
Appliances are also made out of what heavy metal?
Silver
165
Catheters with silver is used to prevent...?
UTI's
166
Copper/ Copper sulfate is a great algicide used for?
Swimming pools and fish tanks.
167
Zinc chloride is used in?
Mouthwashes
168
Zinc oxide is used in?
Calamine lotion, diaper ointments, baby powder, and dandruff shampoos.
169
Soaps are alkaline compounds made when combining sodium or phosphate salts and...
Long chain fatty acids
170
Soaps interact with oils and grease to create emulsions in water, and loosening and lifting away dirt and microbes on surfaces and...?
skin
171
Soaps are not antiseptics or disinfectants but help to mechanically carry away...?
Microrganisms
172
What agent is common in soaps?
Sodium lauryl sulfate
173
Detergents are both aniotic and...?
Cationic
174
Anionic detergents have a long hydrophobic chain that is connected to...?
a negatively charged anion
175
Anionic detergents are used in...?
Laundry soap
176
Cationic detergents have a long hydrophobic chain that is connected to...?
A positively charged cation
177
The most important detergents are what kind of salts?
Quaternary ammonium salts
178
Detergents enter into phospholipid bilayer and disrupt the...?
Cell membrane
179
Most common detergents are made out of?
Benzalkonium chloride
180
A chemical that destroys vegetative stages of bacteria is...?
Bactericide
181
A _________ can destroy bacterial endospores
sporicide
182
_____________ agents inhibit or prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or on other objects in the environment
Bacteriostatic
183
A germicide or microbicide is a chemical that will kill...?
any pathogenic microorganisms
184
An antiseptic is a chemical applied to living tissues to...?
render them free of pathogens
185
Sanitization is forceful cleaning that removes contaminants and makes objects...?
hygienic and safe to use
186
Degermation is forceful cleaning of the body to remove
potential pathogens
187
2 Physical Methods of Control are...?
radiation and filtration
188
Dyes, acids, and alkalis can also inhibit or destroy microbes but are...?
limited in use
