1.1 Resp anatomy ppt Flashcards
(61 cards)
1
Q
Respiratory system is divided into 2 at the level of the vocal cord what is it divided into ? & what does each contain
A
- URT: nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx above vocal cords
- LRT: larynx below the vocal cords, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
2
Q
How is the respiratory system separated functionally ?
A
conduction & respiratory zone
3
Q
Conduction portion contains what ?
A
4
Q
Respiratory portion contains what ?
A
5
Q
- What does thoracic cage protect ?
- what does it provide attachment for ?
A
6
Q
boundaries of thoracic cavity :
1. posteriorly
2. anteriorly
3. laterally
4. inferiorly
A
7
Q
How does thoracic cavity communicate with the following structures ?
1. root of the neck
2. abdomen
A
- opening = superior thoracic aperture
- inferior thoracic aperture (closed by diaphragm )
8
Q
3 features of typical thoracic vertebrae ?
A
- medium-sized body that increases in size from superior to inferior
- vertebral foramen is circular
- spinous processes oriented
inferiorly and posterior
9
Q
Typical thoracic vertebrae articular with ribs how?
A
- 2 demi facets
- costal facet
10
Q
2 demi facets :
1. where ?
2. articulate with what ?
A
- superior and inferior on either side of vertebral body
- heads of the ribs
11
Q
costal facet on transverse process articualtes with what ?
A
tubercle of corresponding rib
12
Q
What is the sternal angle ?
A
a clinically useful feature of the manubriosternal joint is that it can be palpated easily
13
Q
Sternal angle marks the site of what ?
A
articulation of rib II with the sternum
14
Q
why is RIb I not palpable ?
A
It lies inferior to the clavicle and is embedded in tissues at the base of the neck
15
Q
What are the 3 types of ribs ?
A
- true (ribs 1-7 , connect directly to sternum via corresponding costal cartilages)
- flase (ribs 8-10, attached anteriorly to each other and to the 7th rib by means of their costal cartilages)
- floating (ribs 11 & 12 , end free in the abdominal musculature)
16
Q
Typical ribs ?
A
17
Q
1st rib features ?
A
- broad,
- has tubercle for scalenus anterior muscle on upper surface
- grooves for the subclavian vessels and lower trunk of brachial plexus.
18
Q
2nd rib features ?
A
- thinner and longer than 1st rib;
- roughened upper surface for serratus anterior.
19
Q
10th rib features ?
A
- head has a single facet for articulation with its own vertebra.
20
Q
11th & 12th rib features ?
A
- short and do not articulate anteriorly;
- heads have single facets for vertebral articulation.
21
Q
Joints of the ribs are mostly what ?
A
synovial joints
22
Q
Joints of the ribs …. (lecture mentions)
A
23
Q
Usual rib fractures happen where and are due to what ?
A
- middle ribs
- crush injuries/ direct trauma
24
Q
complications of rib fractures ?
A
soft tissue injury from broken fragments risk of damage to lungs, spleen or diaphragm
25
what is flail chest ?
If 2+ fractures occur in 2+ adjacent ribs, the affected area is not under control of the thoracic muscles - paradoxical movement during lung inflation and deflation
26
What does flail chest impair & what happens to the blood ?
* impairs expansion of the ribcage
* decreases oxygen content of the blood
27
From skin to pleura what is the order ?
1. skin
2. superficial fascia
3. intercostal muscles (external then internal)
4. endothoracic pleura
5. pleura (plarietal then visceral)
28
what are the 3 intercostal muscles supplied by intercostal nerves of the intercostal space ?
* external intercostal (inspiration)
* internal intercostal (expiration)
* innermost intercostal (expiration)
29
How is neurovascular bundle in the subcostal groove of the ribs arranged from above downward ?
Vein , Artery , Nerve
VAN
30
what is structure of diaphragm ?
dome shaped, musculo-tendinous
31
Functions of diaphragm ?
* separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
* contraction & relaxtion - alters volume of thoracic cavity and lungs
* primary muscle of inspiration and expiration
* help raise intrathoracic / abdominal pressure
32
Attachments of the diaphragm ?
a sternal part - from the xiphoid process.
* a costal part - lower six ribs and their costal
cartilages.
* a vertebral part - crura and arcuate ligaments
* all three insert into a central tendon, which is shaped like three leaves
33
why is the right dome of the diaphram higher than the left ?
liver positioning
34
3 openings of the diaphram ?
* caval aperture (T8)
* oesophageal aperture (T10)
* Aortic aperture (T12)
35
36
Nerve supply of the diaphragm ?
* right & left phrenic nerves
* cervical plexus
* C3,C4,C5
37
What does the shoulder and diaphragm share ?
common nerve supply
phrenic and supraclavicular nerves have shared cerical origins - C3, C4
38
what is Kehr's sign ?
left shoulder pain that is caused by the irritation of the phrenic nerve on the inferior surface of the diaphragm due to bleeding from a splenic rupture
39
Primary blood supply to the diaphragm ?
inferior phrenic arteries: branch directly
from the abdominal aorta
40
Apart from inferior phrenic arteries what else supplies blood to the diaphragm ?
* superior phrenic (thoracic aorta branches)
* pericardiacophrenic and musculophrenic (internal thoracic branches)
41
How can someone have diaphragmatic hernia ?
* congenital - diaphragm doesn't develop properly - results in a hole in the diaphragm
* acquired - penetrating injuries and blunt force trauma
42
what is the mediastinum ?
region between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the bodies of the vertebrae & from the superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm
43
2 layers of the pleural cavity ?
* Visceral layer– against the organs within the cavity
* Parietal layer– against the wall of the cavity
44
Thin layer of pleural fluid in between pleural cavity allows for what ?
* parietal and visceral parts to slide on one another
* movement of the lung against chest wall
* Surface tension of pleural fluid keeps lung surface in contact with thoracic wall
* When thorax expands, the lung expands with it and fills with air
45
If air collects in pleural cavity what is it called ?
pneumothorax
46
If fluid collects in pleural cavity what is it called ?
pleural effusion
47
If blood collects in pleural cavity what is it called ?
haemothorax
48
If pus collects in pleural cavity what is it called ?
empyema
49
Lung positions
50
Right lung
51
left lung
52
Hilum of the lung, each lung has what ?
* main bronchus
* pulmonary artery
* 2 pulmonary veins
* bronchial vessels
* nerves
* lymphatics
53
Surface markings of lungs and pleura
54
oblique fissue surface markings ?
(between upper and lower lobes)
* from spinous process of T4 posteriorly
* to the 6th costal cartilage anteriorly
55
horizontal fissure surface marking ?
(right lung)
from the mid-axillary line anteriorly along the 4th rib
56
Trachea starts below the ..1... of the larynx and divides at the level of ...2...
1. cricoid cartilage
2. sternal angle
57
Difference between right and left main / primary bronchi ?
right is shorter , wider, more vertical
58
lobar bronchi / secondary ?
right 3
left 2
59
segmental bronchi / tertiary - supplies what ?
a bronchopulmonary segment (subdivision of the lobe of the lung surrounded by CT)
60
segmental bronchi / tertiary - accompanied by what ?
a branch of pulmonary artery, adjacent bronchopulmonary segments share tributaries of the pulmonary veins.
61
