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General Pathology > 11 - Respiratory Tract and Lung Diseases (Exam 3) > Flashcards

11 - Respiratory Tract and Lung Diseases (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the respiratory tract?

A
  1. Gas exchange site

2. Secondary maintenance of normal pH

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2
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Collapse of the lung

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3
Q

What are the 4 categories of atelectasis?

A
  1. Compression atelectasis
  2. Resorption atelectasis
  3. Microatelectasis
  4. Contraction atelectasis
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4
Q

What is compression atelectasis caused by?

A

Compression of lungs by material in pleural

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5
Q

What is resorption atelectasis most commonly caused by?

A

Obstruction of bronchus by mucous or muco-purulent plug

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6
Q

What is another name for microatelectasis?

A

Neonatal lung

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7
Q

What is microatelectasis caused by?

A

Loss of surfactant

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8
Q

What is contraction atelectasis caused by?

A

Fibrotic changes that interfere with expansion

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9
Q

What is true of all obstructive lung diseases?

A

Airflow to gas exchange surfaces is limited due to partial or complete obstruction of the airway
Forced vital capacity is normal
Expiratory flow rate is decreased

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10
Q

What are 6 types of obstructive lung diseases?

A
  1. Asthma
  2. Emphysema
  3. Chronic bronchitis
  4. Cystic fibrosis
  5. Brochioectasis
  6. Bronchiolitis
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11
Q

What is asthma?

A

Episodic bronchiospasms resulting from an exaggerated broncho-restrictor response
Common in the general population

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12
Q

What are 2 types of asthma?

A
  1. Extrinsic asthma

2. Intrinsic asthma

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13
Q

Which type of asthma is more well understood?

A

Extrinsic asthma

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14
Q

What are 5 clinical signs of asthma?

A
  1. Dyspnea (abnormal breath)
  2. Wheezing
  3. Difficulty with expiration
  4. Hypercapnea
  5. Acidosis
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15
Q

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

Airflow obstruction resulting in difficulty with expiration

Known as COPD for short

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16
Q

What are 2 causes of COPD that commonly coexist?

A
  1. Chronic bronchitis

2. Emphysema

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17
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Destruction of the airspace walls distal to the terminal bronchioles

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18
Q

What type of people most commonly have emphysema? Do they usually have symptoms?

A

Smokers

Usually asymptomatic

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19
Q

What are 2 types of emphysema, and where is each more common?

A
  1. Centriacinar emphysema (upper lung lobes)

2. Panacinar emphysema (lower lung lobes)

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20
Q

What are 6 clinical signs of emphysema?

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. Cough and wheezing (from chronic bronchitis)
  3. Weight loss
  4. Prolonged expiration
  5. Changes in posture (to help squeeze air out)
  6. Hypoxia (resulting in cyanosis)
21
Q

Where is heart failure likely with emphysema and why?

A

Right side heart failure

Due to increased resistance to blood flow in lung tissue

22
Q

What are 3 forms of chronic bronchitis?

A
  1. Simple chronic bronchitis
  2. Chronic mucopurulent bronchitis
  3. Chronic asthmatic bronchitis
23
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

Permanent dilation of bronchi and bronchioles

Due to destruction of muscle and elastic tissue

24
Q

What areas of the lung does bronchiectasis usually affect?

A

Dependent areas

Such as inferior aspect

25
Q

What is restrictive lung disease also called?

A

Interstitial lung disease

26
Q

What is restrictive lung disease characterized by?

A

Reduced compliance

27
Q

What is acute restrictive lung disease?

A

RLD with acute onset

Diffuse alveolar damage is caused

28
Q

What are 5 possible causes of ARDs?

A
  1. Infection
  2. Physical injury
  3. Inhaled irritants
  4. Chemical injury
  5. Uremia
29
Q

What is chronic restrictive lung disease?

A

RLD that develops over time from low grade inflammation

30
Q

What are 2 causes of CRLDs?

A
  1. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

2. Sarcoidosis

31
Q

What is hypersensitivity pneumonitis also known as?

A

Allergic alveolitis

32
Q

Where are most emboli of vascular lung diseases found?

A

In veins as right-sided cardiac thrombi

33
Q

In what type of people are vascular lung diseases very common?

A

Hospitalized patients

Due to factors such as prolonged bed rest

34
Q

How are pneumonias classified?

A
  1. By type of microbe
  2. By location
  3. By type of occurence
35
Q

How do lobar and lobular pneumonias differ?

A

Lobar - entire lobe

Lobular - part of one lobe

36
Q

What is bronchopneumonia?

A

Pneumonia involving more than one lobe

Patchy distribution of inflammation

37
Q

What is interstitial pneumonia also known as?

A

Pneumonitis

38
Q

What tissues does interstitial pneumonia deal with?

A

Alveoli and interstitial tissue

39
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary pneumonia?

A

Primary - Associated with direct pathogen inhalation

Secondary - Occurs after lungs have been damaged

40
Q

What is pneumoconiosis associated with?

A

Reaction to the inhalation of inorganic dust

41
Q

What are 4 examples of inorganic dusts that may cause pneumoconiosis?

A
  1. Coal dust
  2. Silica
  3. Beryllium
  4. Asbestos
42
Q

What disease is associated with breathing in coal dust?

A

Black lung

also known as anthracosis

43
Q

What forms of silica are most reactive and which are least reactive?

A

Most - Crystalline (such as quartz)

Least - Non crystalline (such as talc)

44
Q

What does inhalation of silica cause?

A

Silicosis

45
Q

What does inhalation of beryllium cause?

A

Berylliosis

46
Q

What are industries commonly associated with berylliosis?

A

Nuclear

Aerospace

47
Q

What does inhalation of asbestos cause?

A

Asbestosis

48
Q

What is the primary pulmonary neoplasia associated with smoking and asbestos exposure?

A

Bronchial carcinoma

49
Q

What disease is associated with exposure to asbestos and has a very long latent period?

A

Malignant mesothelioma

General Pathology (16 decks)

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