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General Pathology > 9 - Hematopoietic and Lymphoid System Disease (Exam 2) > Flashcards

9 - Hematopoietic and Lymphoid System Disease (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for polycythemia?

A

Erythrocytosis

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2
Q

What is erythrocytosis?

A

Increase in erythrocyte count

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3
Q

What are 4 secondary problems associated with erythrocytosis?

A
  1. Increased blood viscosity
  2. Decrease in tissue perfusion
  3. Increased work load on heart
  4. Heart failure
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4
Q

What are the 2 main types of erythrocytosis?

A
  1. Relative erythrocytosis

2. Absolute erythrocytosis

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5
Q

How do relative and absolute erythrocytosis differ?

A

In relative erythrocytosis, the number of RBCs stays the same but plasma volume decreases (dehydration) resulting in increased concentration of RBCs.
In absolute erythrocytosis, the number of RBCs increases resulting in increased concentration

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of absolute erythrocytosis?

A
  1. Primary absolute erythrocytosis

2. Secondary absolute erythrocytosis

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7
Q

How do primary and secondary absolute erythrocytosis differ?

A

Primary is the abnormal proliferation of myeloid stem cells, normal/low levels of erythropoietin
Secondary is an increased number of RBCs, increased levels of erythropoietin

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8
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of secondary absolute erythrocytosis?

A
  1. Appropriate

2. Inappropriate

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9
Q

What does appropriate secondary absolute erythrocytosis involve?

A

Any condition associated with chronic systemic hypoxia, such as:
Chronic lung disease
Heart disease
High altitude living

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10
Q

What does inappropriate secondary absolute erythrocytosis involve?

A

Associated with increased erythropoietin levels secreted from tumors such as:
Renal cell carcinoma
Hepatoma

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11
Q

How are any forms of erythrocytosis treated?

A

Removal of red blood cells from circulation

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12
Q

What is anemia?

A

Reduction in oxygen transporting capacity of the blood

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13
Q

What are 2 possible causes of anemia?

A
  1. Abnormally low numbers of circulating RBCs

2. Abnormally low hemoglobin levels

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14
Q

What are 3 classifications of anemia?

A
  1. Blood loss anemia (hemorrhage)
  2. Hemolytic anemia (Increased RBC destruction)
  3. Deficient erythrocyte production anemias
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15
Q

Of intravascular hemolysis and extravascular hemolysis, which is normal and which is abnormal?

A

Intravascular hemolysis is abnormal unless in spleen

Extravascular hemolysis is more normal

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16
Q

What are 2 byproducts of hemolysis retained in the body after RBCs are broken down?

A
  1. Hemoglobin (not good to be free in blood)

2. Iron

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17
Q

How are hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinurea different?

A

Hemoglobinemia is where hemoglobin is found freely in the blood rather than on RBCs
Hemoglobinurea is where hemoglobin is found freely in urine, and sometimes crystallizes in kidney nephron

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18
Q

What percentage of the volume of an RBC is hemoglobin?

A

33%

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19
Q

How long do erythrocytes normally live, and what is the duration in the case of anemia?

A

110-120 days

Longer duration with anemia, possibly 200 days

20
Q

What 2 parts of a red blood cell are recycled upon death?

A
  1. Iron

2. Globin

21
Q

What is the fate of the heme group upon death of an RBC?

A

Converted into bilirubin
Bilirubin bound to albumin (free bilirubin)
Taken up by the liver, turned into conjugated bilirubin

22
Q

Does the body have a major pathway for removing iron?

A

NO

23
Q

What are 2 types of hemolytic anemia?

A
  1. Primary (intrinsic) hemolytic anemia

2. Secondary (acquired) hemolytic anemia

24
Q

What is primary hemolytic anemia associated with?

A

Genetic errors

25
Q

What is a brief overview of hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Abnormality of RBC cytoskeleton
Look normal but eventually fragment
Most common hereditary form
Mainly autosomal dominant, but autosomal recessive is more severe

26
Q

What is a brief overview of sickle cell anemia?

A 
Hereditary
Autosomal recessive
Homozygous has HbSS instead of HbA
Heterozygous has HbSA
Carriers may show some manifestations
27
Q

What are 6 manifestations of sickle cell anemia?

A
  1. Severe hemolytic anemia
  2. Pain
  3. Multi-organ damage
  4. Chronic hyperbilirubinemia (and associated gall stones)
  5. Splenomegaly
  6. Growth retardation in children
28
Q

What does thalessemias result from?

A

Absent or defective synthesis of hemoglobin chain(s)

29
Q

Thalessemias have a homozygous and heterozygous form. Which has mild manifestations and which has severe manifestations?

A

Heterozygous - mild

Homozygous - severe

30
Q

What are secondary hemolytic anemias associated with?

A

Factors exogenous to the RBCs

31
Q

What are 3 examples of factors that cause acquired hemolytic anemias?

A
  1. Drugs/chemicals
  2. Toxins/venoms
  3. Infections
32
Q

What are examples of anemias associated with deficient erythrocyte production?

A
  1. Iron deficiency anemia
  2. Megaloblastic anemia
  3. Pernicious anemia
  4. Folic acid deficiency
33
Q

What are 2 causes associated with iron deficiency anemia?

A
  1. Inadequate dietary intake of iron

2. Chronic blood loss

34
Q

What are 2 causes associated with Megaloblastic anemia?

A
  1. Vitamin B12 deficiency

2. Folic acid deficiency

35
Q

What is vitamin B12 deficiency also known as?

A

Pernicious anemia

36
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

Loss of all bone marrow activity

37
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Malignant neoplasia of leukocytes

Originate and spread through red bone marrow

38
Q

What age group does chronic leukemia usually effect?

A

Adults

39
Q

What are the 2 major forms of acute leukemia?

A
  1. Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML)

2. Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

40
Q

When does AML usually occur?

A

Before age 50

41
Q

When does ALL usually occur?

A

4 years of age

42
Q

What are lymphomas?

A

Neoplasia of cells native to lymphoid tissue

Usually originate outside of bone marrow

43
Q

What are 2 types of lymphomas and how do they differ?

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma- originates in one area of the lymphatic system
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma- multiples lymph nodes and lymph tissue involved

44
Q

What is a cause of Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A

HIV

45
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

Malignant neoplasia of plasma cells that has a high affinity for bone

General Pathology (16 decks)

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