1.1. Science of Genetics

Question 1

science of heredity and variation

Answer 1

genetics

Question 2

passing of characteristic/hereditary properties from parents to offspring (one cell generation to next); most striking attribute of a living cell

Answer 2

heredity

Question 3

differences in physical, chemical, or behavioral traits

Answer 3

variation

Question 4

defines heredity and variation; provides information regarding the biological properties of the individual

Answer 4

genes

Question 5

proposed by aristotle; bearers of hereditary traits

Answer 5

humors

Question 6

theory: fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult; how is this adult called?

Answer 6

theory of preformationism; homunculus

Question 7

theory: living things originate from nonliving components; also known as abiogenesis theory

Answer 7

spontaneous generation theory

Question 8

how was the abiogenesis theory abolished?

Answer 8

louis pasteur’s swan neck experiment wherein he showed that broth remained free of microorganisms when protected from airborne particles

Question 9

theory: an organism develops from the fertilized egg by a succession of developmental events that eventually transform the egg into an adult; e.g., butterfly, frogs

Answer 9

theory of epigenesis

Question 10

proponent of theory of epigenesis

Answer 10

william harvey

Question 11

proponents of cell theory

Answer 11

matthias schleiden and theodor schwann

Question 12

postulates of cell theory

Answer 12

1. all organisms are composed of basic structural units (cells)
2. cells are derived from preexisting cells

Question 13

author of “the origin of species” wherein he described his ideas on evolution

Answer 13

charles darwin

Question 14

ship used by charles darwin during his expedition

Answer 14

HMS beagle

Question 15

charles darwin proposed that existing species arose by descent with modification from ancestral species. species undergo change from generations to generations as their offsprings inherit traits from their parents; these traits are not identical due to mutation, recombination, and other factors. these changes all lead to diversity in species. true or false?

Answer 15

true

Question 16

theory proposed by charles darwin on the idea of survival of the fittest and the mechanisms of evolutionary change

Answer 16

theory of natural selection

Question 17

another scientist who also proposed an idea similar to the theory of natural selection

Answer 17

alfred russel wallace

Question 18

the theory of natural selection was widely accepted during darwin’s time. true of false?

Answer 18

false. most people lacked an understanding of the genetic basis of variation and inheritance

Question 19

an augustinian monk who conducted a decade-long series of experiments using pea plants

Answer 19

gregor johann mendel

Question 20

gregor mendel’s work that explained how traits were passed from generation to generation in pea plants and all other organisms, providing the foundation of genetics

Answer 20

1866 publiciation: experiments on plant hybridization

Question 21

life of mendel: his prof in vienna

Answer 21

christian doppler; discovered doppler effect

Question 22

life of mendel: how many years did mendel study pea plants (over 28k)

Answer 22

eight years

Question 23

life of mendel: cause of death

Answer 23

nephritis (kidney disease)

Question 24

mendel’s work was widely accepted during his time. true or false?

Answer 24

false. his work was just rediscovered by scientists (i.e., hugo de vries, carl correns, erich von tschermak-seysenegg) during 1900

Question 25

theory: states that (1) inherited traits are controlled by genes residing on chromsomes, and that (2) chromosomes are faithfully transmitted through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity from gen to gen

Answer 25

chromosome theory of inheritance

Question 26

proponents of chromosome theory of inheritance

Answer 26

walter sutton and theodor boveri

Question 27

an observation made by walter sutton and theodor boveri that became the cornerstone of the chromosome theory of inehritance

Answer 27

chromosomes during meiosis follow the same behavior of genes during gamete formation

Question 28

1933 nobel prize winner in physiology or medicine who worked on the role of chromosomes in heredity

Answer 28

thomas hunt morgan

Question 29

conducted transformation experiments to understand how certain strains of the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae caused disease

Answer 29

frederick griffith

Question 30

strains of s. pneumoniaie used by griffith in his experiment

Answer 30

IIR, IIIS

Question 31

griffith's experiment: (1) injecting mice with the S strain killed them (2) injecting mice with the R strain did not harm them. (3) heat-killing the S strain and injecting it into mice did not harm them (4) mixing heat-killed S strain with live R strain and injecting this mixture into mice killed them. what conclusion did he arrive into?

Answer 31

a "transforming principle" from the dead S strain had been taken up by the living R strain which transformed them into the virulent S strain

Question 32

scientists who discovered the identity of the transforming principle

Answer 32

oswald avery colin macleod maclyn mccarty

Question 33

oswald avery, colin mcleod, and maclyn mccarty's experiment: (1) heat-killed IIIS were used to see if they could transform non-virulent IIR cells into virulent ones (1) the filtrate was treated with enzymes: DNAse, RNAse, and protease (2) protease and RNAse treatment: when the heat-killed IIIS cells were treated with protease and RNA respectively and then mixed with IIR cells, transformation still occurred. (2) DNase Treatment: when the heat-killed IIIS cells mixed with IIR cells were treated with DNase, no transformation occurred. what conclusion did they arrive into?

Answer 33

dna is the transforming substance given that no transformation occurred when the dna from the s strain was broken down during the DNAse treatment

Question 34

scientists who built on the earlier work of avery, mcleod, and mccarty; provided further evidence that dna, not protein, is the genetic material

Answer 34

alfred hershey and martha chase

Question 35

hershey-chase experiment: (1) DNA of the T2 bacteriophages was labeled with radioactive phosphorus-32 (^32P), since DNA contains phosphorus (2) the protein coat was conversely labeled with radioactive sulfur-35 (^35S), since proteins contain sulfur (3) the labeled bacteriophages were allowed to infect ecoli. during infection, the phages attach to the bacterial cell and inject their genetic material into it. (4) after the injection, the mixture was agitated in a blender to separate the phage coats from the bacterial cells and was centrifuged to separate the heavier bacterial cells from the lighter phage coats (5) radioactive DNA (^32P) was found in the bacterial pellet, indicating that DNA had entered the bacterial cells (6) radioactive protein (^35S) was dound in the supernatant, indicating that the protein coats did not enter the bacterial cells what conclusion did they arrive into?

Answer 35

dna is the genetic material that bacteriophages inject into bacteria to produce new viruses; dna is the carrier of genetic information

Question 36

scientist who studied dna by xray crystallographic technique

Answer 36

maurice wilkins

Question 37

who created photo 51?

Answer 37

rosalind franklin

Question 38

approach in genetics that focuses on patterns or mode of inheritance of traits

Answer 38

transmission genetics

Question 39

approach in genetics that focuses on chromosomes and their behavior during mitosis and meiosis

Answer 39

cytogenetics

Question 40

approach in genetics that focuses on the analysis of the outcomes of crosses between different strains of organisms

Answer 40

classical genetics

Question 41

approach in genetics that focuses on replication, expression, and mutation of genes at the molecular level, as well as dna sequencing and manipulation

Answer 41

molecular genetics

Question 42

approach in genetics that defines how and why certain genetic variation is maintained in populations

Answer 42

population genetics

Question 43

approach in genetics that focuses on the statistical relationship between genes and the traits they encode

Answer 43

quantitative genetics

Question 44

first known human immortal cell line

Answer 44

HeLa cell line

Question 45

how does genetics help in today's society?

Answer 45

(1) serves as a tool for research to generate new knowledge (2) helps advance the agriculture industry by improving strains, breeds, and varieties (3) also advance medical science through gene therapy, understanding genetic diseases, and creating personalized medicines

Question 46

social and legal issues re genetics

Answer 46

genetic applications, such as prenatal testing develop much faster than the social conventions, public policies, and regulatory laws; genetic discrimination, ownership of genes, genetic privacy, access to and safety of gene therapy