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Genetics - Lecture > 1.2. Physical Basis of Heredity > Flashcards

1.2. Physical Basis of Heredity Flashcards

• Cell Structure and Genetic Function • Chromosomes • Major Processes Involved in the Genetic Continuity of Nucleated Cells (69 cards)

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1
Q

cell structure that houses the dna

A

nucleus

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2
Q

site of rRNA synthesis and the initial stages of ribosome assembly

A

nucleolus

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3
Q

site of translation

A

ribosome

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4
Q

site of atp synthesis; contains dna

A

mitochondria

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5
Q

site of photosynthesis; contains dna

A

chloroplast

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6
Q

coiled chromatin fibers

A

chromosome

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7
Q

extended form of the chromosome

A

chromatin fiber

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8
Q

centromere in the middle

A

metacentric

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9
Q

centromere between middle and end

A

submetacentric

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10
Q

centromere is close to end

A

acrocentric

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11
Q

centromere is at the end portion

A

telocentric

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12
Q

chromosomes that have the same size, shape, position of centromere, gene sites along their lengths, and characteristics

A

homologous chromosomes

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13
Q

homologous chromosomes all carry the same information. true or false?

A

false; not necessarily the same

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14
Q

major process in genetic continuity that leads to the production of two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells; involves somatic cells

A

mitosis

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15
Q

what are the roles of mitosis?

A

(1) growth and development
(2) regeneration and repair
(3) basis for asexual reproduction for unicellular organisms (i.e., protozoa, fungi, algae)

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16
Q

constitutes the events that occur from the completion of one division until the completion of the next division

A

cell cycle

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17
Q

what happens in the g0 stage?

A

cells are dormant; cells are viable and metabolically active but do not proliferate; reversible or irreversible

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18
Q

cells spend most of their time in interphase. true or false?

A

true. they spend 15 hours in interphase(5 for g1, 7 for s phase, and 3 for g2 phase. only one hour is spent for mitosis

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19
Q

g1/s checkpoint checks for

A

cell size and dna quality

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20
Q

g2/m checkpoint checks for

A

dna replication and quality

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21
Q

m checkpoint checks for

A

spindle assembly checkpoint

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22
Q

no visible chromosomes but visible nucleolus; nuclear membrane starts to disintegrate

A

interphase

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23
Q

interphase
(1) chromatin number
(2) chromosome number
(3) chromatid number

A

(1) 92 chromatins/cell
(2) 0 chromosome/cell
(3) 0 chromatid/cell

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24
Q

visible chromosomes; complete disintegration of nuclear membrane; asters/star-like arrangement of microtubules; spindle fiber assembly

A

prophase

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25
cohesin is formed during what stage?
interphase
26
prophase (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number
(1) 0/cell (2) 46/cell (3) 92/cell
27
period of chromosome migration to the equatorial plane called the metaphase plate; migration is facilitated by the binding of spindle fibers to the chromosome's kinetochore
prometaphase
28
an assembly of multilayered plates of proteins; associated with the centromere
kinetochore
29
degrades cohesin
separase
30
protects cohesin from degradation at the centromeric region
shugoshin
31
prometaphase (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number
(1) 0/cell (2) 46/cell (3) 92/cell
32
chromosome configuration following migration
metaphase
33
metaphase (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number
(1) 0/cell (2) 46/cell (3) 92/cell
34
degradation of shugoshin and cohesin; sister chromatids separate (disjunction)
anaphase
35
after anaphase, each migrating chromatid is referred to as ____.
daughter chromosome
36
anaphase (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number
(1) 0/cell (2) 46 choromosomes/pole (3) 0 chromatids/cell
37
final stage wherein there is one complete chromosome set per pole
telophase
38
chromosomes begin to uncoil; reformation of the nuclear envelope; spindle fibers disappear; nucleolus gradually reforms but not visible
late telophase
39
telophase + cytokinesis (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number
(1) 0 chromatin/cell (2) 46 chromosomes/cell (3) 0 chromatid/cell
40
cell division by which gametes or spores are produced; haploid set of chromosomes
meiosis
41
in meiosis, each haploid cell contain precisely one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes. true or false?
true
42
two sources of genetic variation
(1) many unique combinations of chromosomes from each parent (2) crossing over
43
genetic exchange between members of each homologous pair of chromosomes, creating intact chromosomes that are mosaics of the paternal and maternal homologs
crossing over
44
how many rounds of dna replication take place in meiosis?
one; in meiosis I
45
localized condensations that resemble beads on a string
chromomeres
46
stage in prophase I wherein chromomeres appear and synapsis begins
leptonema
47
what is synapsis?
pairing of homologs
48
synapsed pair of homologs equal to the haploid number; what stage in prophase I do these appear?
bivalent; zygonema
49
two pairs of sister chromatids; what stage in prophase I do they appear?
tetrad; pachynema
50
stage in prophase I wherein crossing over happens
diplonema
51
site of crossing over/point where non-sister chromatids have undergone genetic exchange
chiasma/chiasmata
52
stage in prophase I wherein separation of chromosomes start; nucleolus and nuclear envelope break down; two centromeres of each tetrad attach to the recently formed spindle fibers
diakinesis
53
during diakinesis, what happens to the chiasmata?
they move toward the ends of the tetrad
54
prophase I (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number (4) tetrad number (5) bivalent number
(1) 0/cell (2) 46/cell (3) 92/cell (4) 23/cell (5) 23/cell
55
what happens during metaphase I?
chromosome are maximally shortened and thickened; tetrads are randomly aligned
56
metaphase I (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number (4) tetrad number
(1) 0/cell (2) 46/cell (3) 92/cell (4) 23/cell
57
what happens in anaphase I?
the dyads are pulled toward each pole of the dividing cell; disjunction: separation of chromosomes from one another
58
anaphase I (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number (4) tetrad number (5) dyad number
(1) 0/cell (2) 23/pole (3) 46/pole (4) 0/pole (5) 23/pole
59
what happens in telophase I?
nuclear membrane forms around the dyads; nucleus enters into a short interphase period but no dna synthesis (absent in other organisms)
60
telophase I (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number (4) tetrad number (5) dyad number
(1) 0/cell (2) 23/pole (3) 46/pole (4) 0/pole (5) 23/pole
61
in prophase II, each dyad is composed of one pair of sister chromatids attached by a common centromere. true or false?
true
62
prophase II (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number (4) tetrad number (5) dyad number
(1) 0/cell (2) 23/pole (3) 46/pole (4) 0/pole (5) 23/pole
63
what happens in metaphase II?
chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
64
metaphase II (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number (4) tetrad number (5) dyad number
(1) 0/cell (2) 23/pole (3) 46/pole (4) 0/pole (5) 23/pole
65
what happens in anaphase II?
sister chromatids of dyads are pulled to opposite poles
66
anaphase II (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number (4) tetrad number (5) dyad number
(1) 0/cell (2) 23/pole (3) 0/pole (4) 0/pole (5) 0/pole
67
what happens in telophase II?
one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes at each pole; each chromosome is called monad
68
telophase II (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number (4) tetrad number (5) dyad number (6) monad numebr
(1) 0/cell (2) 23/pole (3) 0/pole (4) 0/pole (5) 0/pole (6) 23/pole
69
cytokinesis (1) chromatin number (2) chromosome number (3) chromatid number (4) tetrad number (5) dyad number
(1) 0/cell (2) 23/cell (3) 0/cell (4) 0/cell (5) 0/cell

Genetics - Lecture (12 decks)

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