1.1 The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Myogenic

Answer 1

Capacity of heart to generate its own impulses

Question 2

Sinoatrial node (SAN or SA node)

Answer 2

Small mass of cardiac muscle

In wall of right atrium that generates the heartbeat

Known as the pacemaker

Question 3

Atrioventricular node (AVN or AV node)

Answer 3

Relays on the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart

Question 4

Systole

Answer 4

Heart contracting

Question 5

Bundle of HIS

Answer 5

Collection of heart muscle cells

Transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via bundle branches to the ventricles

Question 6

Purkinje fibres

Answer 6

Muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles

Question 7

Sympathetic system

Answer 7

Part of the autonomic nervous system

Speeds up heart rate

Question 8

Parasympathetic system

Answer 8

Part of the autonomic nervous system

Decreases heart rate

Question 9

Medulla oblongata

Answer 9

Most importent part of brain

Regulates processes such as breathing and heart rate

Question 10

Chemoreceptors

Answer 10

Tiny structures in carotid arteries and aortic arch

Detect changes in the blood acidity caused by an increase or decrease in conc of C02

Question 11

Baroreceptors

Answer 11

Special sensors in tissues in the aortic arch, carotid sinus, heart and pulmonary vessels

Respond to changes in the blood pressure to either increase or decrease heart rate

Question 12

Proprioceptrors

Answer 12

Sensory nerve endings in muscles, tendons and joints

Detect changes in muscle movement

Question 13

Adrenaline

Answer 13

Stress hormone that is released by sympathetic nerves and cardiac nerve

During exercise which causes an increase in heart rate

Question 14

Stroke volume

Answer 14

Volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction

Question 15

Diastole phase

Answer 15

Heart relaxing to fill with blood

Question 16

Ejection fraction

Answer 16

Percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

Question 17

Cardiac output

Answer 17

Volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute

Question 18

Cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 18

Thickening of the muscular wall of heart so it becomes bigger and stronger

Mean larger ventricular cavity

Question 19

Bradycardia

Answer 19

Decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 beats per minute

Question 20

Atherosclerosis

Answer 20

When arteries harden and narrow as they become clogged up by fatty deposits

Question 21

Atheroma

Answer 21

Fatty deposits found in the inner lining of an artery

Question 22

Angina

Answer 22

Chest pain that occurs when the blood supply through the coronary arteries to the muscles

Become restricted

Question 23

Stroke

Answer 23

When blood supply to the brain is cut off

Question 24

Disability

Answer 24

Physical, sensory or mental impairment

Effects performance

Question 25

Steady state

Answer 25

Athlete is able to meet oxygen demand with the oxygen supply

Question 26

Blood pressure

Answer 26

Force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall

Question 27

Systolic pressure

Answer 27

Pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting

Question 28

Diastolic pressure

Answer 28

Pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxing

Question 29

Venous return

Answer 29

Return of blood to the right side of the heart Via the vena cava

Question 30

Plasma

Answer 30

Fluid part of blood ( mainly water ) Transports blood cells

Question 31

Haemoglobin

Answer 31

Iron containing pigment found in red blood cells Combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

Question 32

Myoglobin

Answer 32

Iron containing muscle pigment in slow twitch muscle fibres Has higher affinity for O2 than haemoglobin Stores O2 in muscle so can be used quickly when exercise begins

Question 33

Mitochondria

Answer 33

Where respiration and energy production occur

Question 34

Bohr shift

Answer 34

Increase in blood CO2 and decrease in pH Results in less affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

Question 35

PH

Answer 35

Measure of acidity Less than 7 equals acidity

Question 36

Vascular shunt mechanism

Answer 36

Redistribution of cardiac output

Question 37

Vasodilation

Answer 37

Widening of the blood vessels to increase the flow of blood into the capillaries

Question 38

Vasoconstriction

Answer 38

Narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow into the capillaries

Question 39

Arterio-venous difference

Answer 39

Difference between O2 in the arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles