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Biology: > 1.1 Transport in Plants > Flashcards

1.1 Transport in Plants Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

how do plants prepare their food?

A

through photosynthesis

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2
Q

what do plants require for photosynthesis, and how do they get it

A

carbon dioxide - from atmosphere
water & minerals - soil through roots

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3
Q

what is transportation

A

transportation in plants, in the process in which substances absorbed/synthesized in one part of the plant are moved to other parts of the plant

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4
Q

what is the vascular bundle? 2

A
  • Transportation in plants is carried out by a conducting system, which consists of xylem and phloem
  • together, they form the vascular bundle
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5
Q

what are conducting tissues also called?

A

transporting tissues

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6
Q

what is xylem

A

this tissue forms a tubular passage to transport water and mineral salts from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant

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7
Q

What 4 types of cells does the xylem consist of

A

(xylem) Tracheids

(xylem) vessels

(xylem/wood) parenchyma

(xylem) sclerenchyma i.e. wood fibres

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8
Q

what are tracheids (4)

A
  • elongated dead cells with tapering ends
  • walls have thickenings with lateral pores
  • provide mechanical support and strength to the plant
  • conduct water upwards
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9
Q

what are xylem vessels (3)

A
  • tube-like structures open at both ends
  • placed one above the other to form long channels
  • provide mechanical support and conduct water upwards
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10
Q

what is xylem/wood parenchyma (3)

A
  • small, thick-walled, living cells
  • store food
  • conduct water and mineral salts
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11
Q

what is xylem sclerenchyma/wood fibre

A
  • thick-walled, long, narrow cells
  • have tapering ends
  • Provide only mechanical support to the plant
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12
Q

what are the functions of the xylem (2)

A
  • Transport of water and mineral salts from roots to aerial parts of the plant
  • Tracheids, vessels, and sclerenchyma provide mechanical strength and support to the plant
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13
Q

what is phloem

A

it transports food manufactured by leaves to various parts of the plant

phloem also extends along the length of the plant body, in the root, stem, branches and leaves

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14
Q

what 4 types of cells does the phloem consist of?

A

sieve tubes

companion cells

phloem parenchyma

phloem fibres

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15
Q

what are sieve tubes (4)

A
  • cylindrical cells which lack a nucleus
  • they are arranged in vertical rows, placed end to end
  • end walls are perforated, called sieve plates
  • food material passes from cell to cell via sieve plates
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16
Q

what are sieve plates and why are they important (3)

A

the end walls of sieve tubes are perforated and called sieve plates

food material passes from cell to cell via sieve plates

making it important for the transportation of food

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17
Q

what are companion cells? 3

A

living, thin-walled cells

attached to the sides of sieve tubes

help in conduction of food

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18
Q

what is phloem parenchyma 2

A

thin-walled parenchymatous cells

they store food

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19
Q

what are phloem fibres 2

A

dead sclerenchyma fibres formed by elongated cells

these fibres provide mechanical strength and support

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20
Q

what are the function of the phloem 3

A
  • transports food prepared by leaves to all parts of the plant
  • phloem parenchyma helps in the storage of food
  • sclerenchyma provides mechanical support
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21
Q

explain Translocation of Solutes (3)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • during photosynthesis, plants produce their food as glucose and store as starch
  • starch is transported in the form of sucrose solution to all parts of the plants (including roots)
  • this process is called translocation of solutes (i.e.)
22
Q

define Property of Capillarity

Study These Flashcards
A

it is the attraction of water molecules towards narrow spaces

23
Q

structure of roots and root system

Study These Flashcards
A

main root

gives out to lateral (branch) roots

lateral roots bear a lot of fine outgrowths called root hairs

24
Q

what is a root hair

Study These Flashcards
A

it is a long protuberance (i.e. extension) of an epidermal cell of the root

25
properties of plant cell (2)
- rigid outer cell wall - inner cell membrane encloses nucleus, cytoplasm, and other contents
26
What feature of the cell membrane facilitates the movement of water molecules from soil into root cells (3)
- permeability of the cell membrane - The cell wall is freely permeable, but the cell membrane is semi-permeable - The cell membrane allows water molecules to pass through it, but prevents the entry of any larger molecules
27
Root hairs are well-suited for absorbing water from the soil. state the three reasons for this.
numerous root hairs so a LARGE SURFACE AREA root hairs contain cell sap, which is of a HIGHER CONCENTRATION than the surrounding soil water cell membrane is SEMI PERMEABLE and allows water to pass through it
28
what is a concentrated solution
a solution containing a number of water molecules that is comparatively less than the number of solute molecules
29
what is OSMOSIS
movement of water from a dilute solution ( a region of it's higher concentration) to a concentrated solution (a region of it's lower concentration) across a semi-permeable membrane is known as osmosis
30
what are the three types of movement of molecules that happen in plants
Diffusion Osmosis Active transport
31
what is diffusion
the movement of molecules - gas, liquid, or solid - from higher concentration to lower concentration is called diffusion
32
what is active transport
movement of molecules from their lower concentration to a higher concentration, which requires energy and is called active transport
33
explain the ascent of sap 4
- water is absorbed in root hairs via osmosis - water moves to inner cells by cell-to-cell diffusion and osmosis - This sap reaches the central xylem and keeps moving upward into the stem and the leaves - This upward movement of water and minerals (called sap) is called the ascent of sap
34
explain root pressure 3
- it is the pressure developed in the root due to the continuous inflow of water because of cell-to-cell osmosis - This pressure helps water to enter xylem vessels and pushes the plant sap upwards - root pressure is one of the forces which contributes to the ascent of sap through stem into leaves
35
define transpiration
it is the loss of water in the form of water vapor from the aerial parts of the plant
36
explain transpirational pull (3)
- as a result of transpiration, a suction force is created in the xylem vessel - this force causes the water to be pulled up from the xylem in the roots to the stem and the leaves'' - very important in tall trees where an upward conduction takes place up to a height of 100m or more
37
how does water rise above when the xylem vessels are empty (like when loss of water due to transpiration occurs)
by capillary action
38
define capillary action
water molecules are pulled up due to their tendency to remain joined together (cohesion) and stick to the sides of the xylem vessels (adhesion)
39
which factors affect the rate of transpiration (4)
- Sunlight (stomata remain open, at night they close) - Temperature (hotter the temperature, faster the rate of reaction) - Wind (water vapour moves away faster if wind is blowing fast) - Humidity (decreases the rate since air can't really hold any more water molecules)
40
what is the importance of transpiration in plants (2)
- Cooling effect (evaporation produces cooling, and latent heat is obtained from the plant itself) - Maintain concentration of sap (if the sap is too watery, it becomes dilute and stops osmosis, preventing further absorption of water)
41
uses of water in a plant (3)
Transportation of substances via solution form in both xylem and phloem Food production (i.e., it's required for photosynthesis) Cooling (evaporation produces cooling as heat is utilized)
42
importance of minerals in plants (2)
- essential for plants to grow well - and complete their life cycle properly
43
two categories of nutrient elements (minerals)
macronutrients micronutrients
44
from where are all the nutrient elements obtained
SOIL
45
role and deficiency symptoms of NITROGEN (N)
- a major constituent of all proteins - yellowing of leaves, wrinkling of cereal grains - macro nutrient
46
role and deficiency symptoms of PHOSPHORUS (P)
- Constituent of the cell membrane and certain proteins - purple and red spots on leaves, delay in seed germination - macronutrient
47
role and deficiency symptoms of POTASSIUM (K)
- more abundant in growing tissues, involved in the opening and closing of stomata - poor growth with reduced rate of transpiration - macronutrient
48
role and deficiency symptoms of IRON (Fe)
- constituent of some proteins - yellowing of leaves - micronutrient
49
role and deficiency symptoms of MANGANESE (Mn)
- constituent of some enzymes - yellowing of leaves with grey spots - micronutrient
50
role and deficiency symptoms of ZINC (Zn)
A constituent of plant hormones, activates enzymes - deshaped leaves, yellowing of leaves, stunted plant growth - micronutrient
51
40 ON 40 IN ACHARNA MAAM'S FACE
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Biology: (2 decks)

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